Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the influence of the gut-brain axis on neuroendocrine and immunological modulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines, and searches were conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and SciELO using combinations of descriptors “Gastrointestinal Microbiome”, “Neurosecretory Systems”, “Immune Response”, “Nervous System Diseases” e “Mental Disorders”. From the 144 studies generated by crossing the descriptors, 32 of them were excluded because they were duplicated in the databases, 13 because they were not related to the objectives of the review, and another 29 because they were not on eligibility criteria. Therefore, 70 studies were included in the present review. Communication between the GI tract and the CNS occurs via the neuronal, endocrine, and immunological pathways through a) the production of neurotransmitters, b) the tryptophan metabolism, c) the modulation of the immunological activity in the CNS and the SNE, d) production of short chain fatty acids, e) the production of intestinal hormones, and f) the production of branched chain amino acids.
Highlights
The human intestine comprises an impressive number of microorganisms that are estimated to contain 150 times more genes than the human genome itself
The present study aimed to explore the influence of the gut-brain axis on neuroendocrine and immunological modulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders
From the full-text studies evaluated for eligibility, (i) non-indexed articles were removed; (ii) published outside the 2000 and 2020 period; (iii) that were not clinical trials with humans or animal models; (iv) that did not explore the relationship between intestinal microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders
Summary
The human intestine comprises an impressive number of microorganisms that are estimated to contain 150 times more genes than the human genome itself. This population is composed of fungi, archaea, viruses, and bacteria, with a predominance of phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria (Cho & Blaser, 2012). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship, but little is known about the real influence of the trillions of microorganisms present in the intestinal microbiota on neuroendocrine and immunological modulation and the impact on neurological and psychiatric disorders (Bourassa, et al, 2016)
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