Abstract
Abstract The aetiology of mitral stenosis is usually rheumatic heart disease, whereas the aetiologies for mitral regurgitation are rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, papillary muscle dysfunction, and ruptured chordae. Mixed mitral stenotic and regurgitant disease follow rheumatic heart disease. Stenosis of the aortic valve may be a sequela of rheumatic heart disease or a result of calcification or degeneration of a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve or a previously normal valve. Aortic regurgitation may occur secondary to rheumatic or non-rheumatic valvular diseases, or in association with aortic root dilatation. Non-rheumatic causes include infective endocarditis, trauma, and connective tissue disorders such as Marfan’s syndrome or cystic medial necrosis of the aortic valve. Aortic dissection from trauma, hypertension, or chronic degenerative processes can result in dilatation of the root and secondary functional incompetence. Mixed aortic stenotic and regurgitant disease follow rheumatic heart disease.
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