Growth, optical and thermal properties of triphenylamine single crystal grown by modified Vertical Bridgman method for optical application

Abstract

Triphenylamine single crystal was grown by the modified low-temperature vertical Bridgman technique. Physical, structural, and optical properties such as thermal stability, transmittance, crystalline nature, and crystalline perfection of the triphenylamine crystal were investigated. The orientation of the grown crystal was analyzed by PXRD analysis. It reveals that the grown crystal has (043) plane direction. The crystal perfection was studied through HRXRD analysis and it is found that full-width half maximum of the grown TPA crystal is 70 arc-sec. Thermal stability, melting, and freezing points of the grown crystal are analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The UV–Vis–NIR analysis was used to determine the optical transparency and cut-off wavelength value of the TPA crystal. The optical parameters such as bandgap, reflectance, refractive index, and Urbach energy have been calculated using UV–Visible analysis. The maximum emission peak of the TPA crystal was observed at 379 nm through Fluorescence Analysis. The obtained crystal's nonlinear optical property (SHG efficiency) has been evaluated by utilizing the Kurtz and Perry powder second harmonic method. The result reveals that the grown TPA crystal is suitable for non-linear optical applications.