Growth of hydroxyapatite plate-like nanoparticles by additive free precipitation for the deposition of aligned coatings

Abstract

In recent years, nanoparticles' morphology has been tailored to tune nanoparticle specific properties for several applications. In particular, plate-like particles have been synthesized to create an analog of nacre microstructure exhibiting outstanding mechanical performance attributed to nacre's micro and nano hierarchy. However, the synthesis of equiaxed hydroxyapatite (HA) plates for constructing an oriented architecture has remained as an astounding challenge. In this study, we designed an additive-free chemical precipitation route in which the pH was increased stepwise to maintain the particles' equiaxed 2d shape. Our results showed that the produced particles exhibited HA's crystal structure and highly sustained the equiaxed/rectangular plate morphology of the octacalcium phosphate (OCP) phase, formed as an interphase during the precipitation. The reaction time, reactant concentration, and heat treatment were found essential in controlling the particles' morphology, size, and crystal symmetry. The crystal features of the particles were dissected via high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopes (HRSEM and HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Moreover, the Williamson-Hall plot and Rietveld Size-strain algorithm were implemented to calculate the crystallite size and strain of the particles. HRSEM and HRTEM micrographs showed that ultrathin (10–20 nm) 2d HA particles with mean lengths of 140–150 nm grew through the c-axis. In the last stage, we attempted to use the particles to deposit oriented coatings by electrophoretic deposition (EPD).