Abstract
A need is growing to plant superior Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) seedlings to cope with the degradation of secondary forests in Northeast Eurasia. The goal of this study was to detect the physiological effect on the quality of Korean pine seedlings exposed to a range of spectra. One-year-old seedlings (n = 6) were cultured in three light-emitting diode (LED) spectra (69‒77 μmol m−2 s−1) of 13.9% red (R) + 77.0% green (G) + 9.2% blue (B) (R1BG5), 26.2% R + 70.2% G + 3.5% B (R2BG3), and 42.3% R + 57.3% G + 0.4% B (R3BG1). The spectrum of high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps (43.9% R + 54.7% G + 1.5 B) was taken as the reference. Results showed that LED-lighting resulted in shorter seedlings with a greater diameter, shoot biomass, assessed quality, and sturdiness compared to those under the HPS-lighting. The R3BG1 spectrum reduced the shoot nitrogen (N) deficiency induced by the HPS spectrum, while the R1BG5 treatment induced a steady-state uptake of N and phosphorus (P) in whole-plant organs. The R1BG5 spectrum also resulted in a higher soluble sugar concentration and higher activities of glutamine synthetase and acid phosphatase in needles compared to the control. Seedlings in the R2BG3 spectrum had the highest concentrations of chlorophyll and soluble protein in the leaves. Overall, the R-high LED-spectrum could stimulate biomass accumulation in shoot, but meanwhile resulted in a P deficiency. Hence, the LED lighting in the R1BG5 spectrum is recommended to promote the quality of Korean pine seedlings.
Highlights
Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) is one of the dominant tree species in forests in the cold regions of Northeast China and Siberia [1,2]
We found that chlorophyll b content in the R2BG3 light-emitting diode (LED)-spectrum was higher than that in the high-pressure sodium (HPS) spectrum, which concurs with results from Douglas fir seedlings from a New Mexico source [18]
The spectrum from HPS lamps was chosen as the reference due to it being a practical but energy-costly approach of artificial lighting for the culture of Korean pine seedlings
Summary
Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) is one of the dominant tree species in forests in the cold regions of Northeast China and Siberia [1,2]. Lands dwelled by Korean pine populations account for an area of nearly five million square kilometers. Forests with Korean pine trees include populations of Juglans mandshurica Max., Fraxinus mandshurica Rup., and Quercus mongolica. Korean pine trees in primary forests have been affected by over-harvesting for timber production and pine nuts for human consumption for four decades. Korean pine seedlings grafted on Pinus sylvestris var. Natural Korean pine forests have declined from their original habitats and methods to grow secondary forests through grafted seedlings have resulted in unacceptable mortality rates. Korean pine was introduced from Changbai Mountain to the
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