Abstract
The Grover search algorithm reduces the security level of symmetric key cryptography with n-bit security level to O(2n/2). In order to evaluate the Grover search algorithm, the target block cipher should be efficiently implemented in quantum circuits. Recently, many research works evaluated required quantum resources of AES block ciphers by optimizing the expensive substitute layer. However, few works were devoted to the lightweight block ciphers, even though it is an active research area, nowadays. In this paper, we present optimized implementations of every Korean made lightweight block ciphers for quantum computers, which include HIGHT, CHAM, and LEA, and NSA made lightweight block ciphers, namely SPECK. Primitive operations for block ciphers, including addition, rotation, and exclusive-or, are finely optimized to achieve the optimal quantum circuit, in terms of qubits, Toffoli gate, CNOT gate, and X gate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of ARX-based Korean lightweight block ciphers in quantum circuits.
Highlights
As the Internet of Things (IoT) technology gets developed, a number of wearable and smart devices are gradually spreading through people’s life [1]
First Quantum Implementation of ARX-Based All Korean Block Ciphers and In-Depth Analysis. Korean block ciphers, such as LEA, HIGHT, and CHAM are efficiently implemented in quantum gates. This is the first implementation of Korean block ciphers in quantum gates
We presented the optimized implementation of ARX-based Korean block ciphers in quantum gates
Summary
As the Internet of Things (IoT) technology gets developed, a number of wearable and smart devices are gradually spreading through people’s life [1]. Applying the Grover search algorithm to block ciphers is the most efficient way to measure the security level of block ciphers against attacks from quantum computers. For this reason, the Grover’s algorithm and the cryptography must be implemented with a quantum circuit for cryptanalysis. In order to estimate the quantum resources, a number of block cipher implementations have been investigated [6,7,8,9]. Grassl et al estimated the quantum resource required for AES block cipher to apply the Grover search algorithm [6]. Target ciphers are ARX-based structures designed with Addition, Rotation, and XOR operations
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