Abstract

Grover search algorithm is the most representative quantum attack method that threatens the security of symmetric key cryptography. If the Grover search algorithm is applied to symmetric key cryptography, the security level of target symmetric key cryptography can be lowered from n-bit to n2-bit. When applying Grover’s search algorithm to the block cipher that is the target of potential quantum attacks, the target block cipher must be implemented as quantum circuits. Starting with the AES block cipher, a number of works have been conducted to optimize and implement target block ciphers into quantum circuits. Recently, many studies have been published to implement lightweight block ciphers as quantum circuits. In this paper, we present optimal quantum circuit designs of symmetric key cryptography, including PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers. The proposed method optimized PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers by minimizing qubits, quantum gates, and circuit depth. We compare proposed PRESENT and GIFT quantum circuits with other results of lightweight block cipher implementations in quantum circuits. Finally, quantum resources of PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers required for the oracle of the Grover search algorithm were estimated.

Highlights

  • With the development of embedded technology, the use of many wearable devices and smart devices has increased [1]

  • We present a method of implementing PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers as quantum circuits for application to the oracle of the Grover search algorithm

  • In the PRESENT block cipher, each round consists of three steps: AddRoundKey, Sbox, and Permutation

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Summary

Introduction

With the development of embedded technology, the use of many wearable devices and smart devices has increased [1]. As the development of largescale quantum computers is still underway, it is very important to minimize quantum resources required for the target block cipher algorithm With this motivation, research has been conducted to optimize the AES block cipher into quantum circuits [6,7,8,9]. Implemented the AES block cipher as a quantum circuit to evaluate the quantum resources required by the Grover’s search algorithm [6]. Jang et al implemented the SPECK block cipher as a quantum circuit to evaluated quantum gates for applying the Grover search algorithm. We efficiently implemented PRESSINT and GIFT block ciphers as quantum circuits Both PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers use Sbox to convert input values to other values. Compared with quantum implementation results of other block ciphers, we implemented low-cost PRESENT and GIFT quantum circuits

PRESENT Block Cipher
Permutation of PRESENT Block Cipher
Keyschedule of PRESENT Block Cipher
GIFT Block Cipher
Permutation of GIFT Block Cipher
AddRoundkey of GIFT Block Cipher
Quantum Gates
Grover’s Search Algorithm
LIGHTER-R
Quantum Circuit for PRESENT Block Cipher
AddRoundkey of PRESENT Block Cipher
Sbox of PRESENT Block Cipher
Quantum Circuit for GIFT Block Cipher
Sbox of GIFT Block Cipher
Permutaiton of GIFT Block Cipher
Constant XOR of GIFT Block Cipher
Keyschedule of GIFT Block Cipher
Evaluation
Conclusions
Full Text
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