Abstract
Human health is greatly and directly affected by the quality of groundwater and the extent of its pollution. This research evaluated the quality of groundwater in the Nineveh plain in northern Iraq and determined the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. Sixty-nine groundwater samples were taken and the major physical and chemical constituents, including pH, TDS, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, So42-, HCO3-, and NO3-. were analyzed to use in calculating groundwater quality index for drinking purpose based on the World Health Organization standards for the year 2017. To prevent subjectively assigning weights in the calculation groundwater quality index, the entropy information theory was used. The estimated groundwater quality index values were loaded into ArcGIS 10.8 as a point, shapefile and interpolated using Empirical Bayesian Kriging techniques to produce the final groundwater quality index map of the study area. Results indicated that the entropy groundwater quality index for 2.9% of the samples were within the excellent range, 33% were in the good range, 14.5% were within the moderate range. The groundwater quality index values range between (48-581.8). These values were manually classified into five categories: >200 (very poor), 200-150 (poor), 150-100 (moderate), 100-50 (good), and <50 (excellent). The study discovered that the excellent class occupies 0.2 % (50.9 km2) of the study area, while the good class occupies 23.4% (596 km2), the medium class occupies 18.6 % (473.7 km2), and the poor and extremely poor classes occupy 26.1 % (664.8 km2) and 31.7% (807 km2), respectively.
Highlights
The quality and availability of water are important indicators of sustainable development, based on the great role that water plays in economic development, and it has come to be seen as a rare commodity that must be preserved
There are several techniques for determining the quality of water currently available such as, membership degree method, analytic hierarchy process method, factor analysis method, and fuzzy mathematics method (Pei-Yue, Hui and Jian-Hua, 2010). These methodologies do not take into account different types of water contamination since they are unable to identify all elements and their level of influence on the evaluation in order to meet functional area criteria, groundwater quality index GWQI( By entropy method was used to achieve this goal
The composite effect of individual parameters of groundwater quality on overall quality was determined by GWQI
Summary
The quality and availability of water are important indicators of sustainable development, based on the great role that water plays in economic development, and it has come to be seen as a rare commodity that must be preserved. Inadequate measures to protect the environment within the industrial fields, landfill sites, fertilizer factories, cement, and rubber, all of which led to a deterioration in water quality and an increase in pollution (Chatterjee, et al, 2010) Because they transfer and absorb pollutants, river basins are vulnerable to pollution from human activities, sewage systems, industrial and agricultural waste (Awadh and Ahmed, 2013). There are several techniques for determining the quality of water currently available such as, membership degree method, analytic hierarchy process method, factor analysis method, and fuzzy mathematics method (Pei-Yue, Hui and Jian-Hua, 2010) These methodologies do not take into account different types of water contamination since they are unable to identify all elements and their level of influence on the evaluation in order to meet functional area criteria, groundwater quality index GWQI( By entropy method was used to achieve this goal. Use the WHO (2017) in Al-Abadi et al (2021) to evaluate the quality and the suitability of the groundwater in the Nineveh plains
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