Abstract
The concept of grounding is accepted and common among dance movement therapists and body psychotherapists. It expresses a stable physical and emotional presence – “supported by the ground.” The assumption is that embodied emotional knowledge is expressed through the manner of physical holding and in the emotional experience in the world. However, along with the clinical use of the term, an empirical tool for examining grounding is lacking. The goal of the study was to examine the reliability and validity of an observation tool for assessing the quality of grounding, the Grounding Assessment Tool (GAT), which was created for the present study on the basis of theory, research, and clinical knowledge in the field. Forty three adult participants (age, M = 28.2 years, SD = 8.54) were recruited for an experimental and controlled session, the session included guided movement for approximately 10 min. The movement was recorded on video. The quality of the movement was rated by two raters and was scored using the GAT. The study findings indicated that the GAT is a reliable and valid tool – with good internal consistency (α = 0.850) and high interrater and intrarater reliability (Kendall’s ’range from 0.789 to 0.973 and intraclass correlation coefficient range from 0.967 to 1.00, respectively). The exploratory factor analysis showed that four factors are involved in the assessment of grounding quality: fluid and rhythmic movement, emotional expression in movement, pattern of foot placement, and lack of stability and weightiness. The results of this study expand the theoretical understanding of the concept of grounding. They contribute to the understanding of the benefits of body focus, dance and movement in psychotherapy and to validating body psychotherapy and dance movement therapy (DMT). The existence of a reliable and valid tool is essential for assessment and diagnostic processes, for formulating therapeutic goals focused on the body, and for examining their effectiveness.
Highlights
The concept of grounding was first developed by Lowen (1958/1979), one of the first body psychotherapists
The present study proposes the Grounding Assessment Tool (GAT) as a reliable and valid tool for assessing grounding quality among healthy subjects in a brief 10-min observation
The results of the study indicate that grounding assessment according to the tool, by therapists with at least 10 years of experience, yields a high correlation between the tool items, between different raters and for the same rater
Summary
The concept of grounding was first developed by Lowen (1958/1979), one of the first body psychotherapists. Enhancing grounding by structured movement interventions in conditions of depression (Pylvänäinen et al, 2015), post-trauma (Ko, 2017), and for somatoform disorders (Nickel et al, 2006) are in widespread clinical use among body psychotherapists and dance movement therapists. Despite the extensive clinical use of the concept of grounding, a comprehensive literature review indicates the lack of an empirical tool for assessment of grounding quality, as well as a lack of research based on experiments and observations in the field. The present study aims to bridge these gaps by creating a reliable and valid tool for examining the contribution of physical aspects of movement to emotional aspects
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