Ground Deformation Analysis of Bolvadin (W. Turkey) by Means of Multi-Temporal InSAR Techniques and Sentinel-1 Data

Mumin Imamoglu,Ziyadin Cakir,Fusun Balik Sanli,Fatih Kahraman

doi:10.3390/rs11091069

Abstract

Surface deformations were observed in Bolvadin, located in the province of Afyon (western Turkey) in the last decade which occurred without any destructive earthquakes. In this study, ground deformation of the Bolvadin region is analyzed by means of multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique with Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Sentinel-1 data acquired in ascending and descending orbits between October 2014 and October 2018 are processed with the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) and Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) open source software tools. Deformation velocity maps and line-of-sight (LOS) displacement time series are produced and compared with geology, groundwater level and the water surface area of Eber Lake nearby. Deformation velocity maps reveal significant subsidence in most of the town and surrounding regions, which is confirmed by field observations that show severe damage to the settlements and infrastructure of the town. The most severe subsidence is observed to be in the southern part of Bolvadin with rates up to 35 mm/year, which is characterized by the presence of soft alluvial deposits. Composed of slope debris/talus and conglomerate, the northeastern part of the deforming region experiences a relatively lower rate of subsidence. A strong correlation between LOS displacement time series and groundwater level exists both in the short and long term. Moreover, short term variations in LOS displacement time series also show high similarity with seasonal variations in the water surface area of Eber Lake located a few km southeast of the town. We conclude that the primary cause of subsidence is most probably the overexploitation of groundwater and hydrological changes because of (1) the strong correlation of subsidence with lithological units, (2) the similarity between deformation rate and groundwater level changes, (3) the correspondence of seasonal variations in water surface area and short-term deformation rate oscillations, and (4) the absence of InSAR velocity contrast across the active faults.

Highlights

Land subsidence is a common geological hazard that affects many regions in the world
As a result of multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis, two main products are produced; (1) mean deformation velocity maps in line-of-sight (LOS) direction, and (2) time-series of displacements for measurement points that are provided in the following subsections
All measurement values are relative to a common reference point that is considered to be stable over the entire time period

Summary

Introduction

Land subsidence is a common geological hazard that affects many regions in the world. Land subsidence may result in infrastructure damage, ground surface ruptures, increasing flood risk and adverse socio-economic impact in the community [2,3]. Detecting spatial extent of the deformation pattern and monitoring its temporal evolution is crucial to determine the primary cause of subsidence and conduct preventive activities to mitigate the negative effects [4]. Over the last two decades, Bolvadin in the province of Afyon (central west of Turkey) has been severely affected by ground deformation such as subsidence, fracturing and fissuring causing severe damage to the settlements and infrastructure. A field study to the region was organized on 12 and 13

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion