Abstract
The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is an important species in providing honey and pollination services globally. The mite Varroa destructor is the major threat to A. mellifera, and it is associated with the severe colony winter mortality reported in recent decades. However, Varroa mite-resistant or tolerant populations of A. mellifera have been detected around the world. A proposed mechanism responsible for limiting mite population growth in the colonies is grooming behavior, the physical removal and injury of mites from the adult bee bodies by individual workers or by their nest-mates. This behavioral strategy has been poorly studied in V. destructor-resistant colonies worldwide, especially in honey bee populations of European origin. In Argentina, honey bee stocks showing survival without mite treatment have been reported. In the present study, European-derived A. mellifera populations established in the Transition Chaco eco-region (Santa Fe province), with a subtropical climate, were characterized at the colony level. A honey bee stock showing natural Varroa-resistance (M) was compared to a Varroa-susceptible stock (C) for parameters of colony status (colony strength, percentage of Varroa infestation in adults and brood, hygienic behavior) and for indirect and direct measures of grooming (percentage of fallen mites and damaged mites). M colonies showed lower phoretic and brood infestation and higher behavior in early autumn, and higher survival and population strength after wintering, in comparison with C colonies. The mean percentages of fallen mites and of damaged mites, and the injury to mites were higher in M than in C colonies. Our results suggest that, by modulating the parasitization dynamics in colonies, grooming behavior would be associated with the higher survival of Varroa-resistant stock. This study sheds light on how honey bee colonies can adaptively respond to mite pressure by modeling their behavior to resist Varroosis and provides evidence for grooming as an emerging factor evolving by natural selection. Percentage of damaged mites appears to be a reliable measure to enhance this behavior in honey bee colonies by selective breeding. Finally, the importance of improving and protecting locally adapted honey bee populations with natural Varroa resistance for regional apiculture is discussed.
Highlights
The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus), is one of the most valuable pollinators worldwide (Aizen and Harder, 2009; Gallai et al, 2009; Hung et al, 2018), providing essential pollination services to agroecosystems as well as profitable hive products for the apicultural sector (Morse and Calderone, 2000; Klein et al, 2007)
Regarding the estimated brood population, variation in the number of frames occupied by brood across the season was detected for both stocks [general linear mixed model (GLMM) results: F(1,52) = 2.91, P = 0.09 for stock; F(5,76) = 20.01, P < 0.001 for month; F(5,76) = 4.47, P < 0.01 for interaction stock × month; Figure 2B]
Our findings revealed that the Varroa-surviving honey bee stock (M) expressed a higher grooming behavior than that of the susceptible local control stock (C)
Summary
The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus), is one of the most valuable pollinators worldwide (Aizen and Harder, 2009; Gallai et al, 2009; Hung et al, 2018), providing essential pollination services to agroecosystems as well as profitable hive products for the apicultural sector (Morse and Calderone, 2000; Klein et al, 2007). The mite does not directly kill the bees, it has strong effects by weakening brood and adults through feeding on them (Amdam et al, 2004; Zaobidna et al, 2017; Ramsey et al, 2019) and transmitting several honey bee viruses (Dainat and Neumann, 2013; Francis et al, 2013; Mondet et al, 2014; McMenamin and Genersch, 2015). These effects can affected the wing development and shorten the life span of worker bees and generate an epidemic disease within the colony, eventually resulting in colony death (Boecking and Genersch, 2008; Neumann et al, 2012; Van Dooremalen et al, 2012)
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