Abstract
Abstract. Large-scale integration of renewable energy sources with power-electronic converters is pushing the power system closer to its dynamic stability limit. This has increased the risk of wide-area blackouts. Thus, the changing generation profile in the power system necessitates the use of alternate sources of energy such as wind power plants, to provide black-start services in the future. However, this requires grid-forming and not the traditionally prevalent grid-following wind turbines. This paper introduces the general working principle of grid-forming control and examines four of such control schemes. To compare their performance, a simulation study has been carried out for the different stages of energization of onshore load by a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC)-connected wind power plant. Their transient behaviour during transformer inrush, converter pre-charging and de-blocking, and onshore block-load pickup has been compared and analysed qualitatively to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each control strategy.
Highlights
Environmental problems like global warming, coupled with increasing fuel prices and the global drive towards sustainable development with energy security, have accelerated the integration of renewable energy sources into power systems all around the world
State-of-the-art wind turbines (WTs) are already capable of providing some services that are a part of the restoration process – e.g. fast frequency response and low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) – and are expected to deliver more advanced requirements like inertia emulation, power oscillation damping, and reactive current injection, which are increasingly being demanded by grid codes (Jain et al, 2019)
For this study, power sharing between the WTs inside the WPP is controlled by including the outer power control loops, the WTs are started up simultaneously as opposed to a more realistic sequential energization, e.g. in Yu et al (2018), as the study mainly focuses on the capabilities of the GFM offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) as a whole, to provide blackstart services to the onshore grid while dealing with offshore network transients due to energization of the large converter transformer, high-voltage directcurrent (HVDC) converters, and export cable – in a controlled manner
Summary
Environmental problems like global warming, coupled with increasing fuel prices and the global drive towards sustainable development with energy security, have accelerated the integration of renewable energy sources into power systems all around the world. As per Australian Energy Market Operator, the failure of WPP owners to comply with performance requirements to ride through major disruptions and disturbances led to blackout of the South Australia system (Australian Energy Market Operator, 2017), affecting about 850 000 people and causing large-scale disruption to their livelihood and the economy Another very recent case is the unexpected reduction of 737 MW from Hornsea 1 OWPP in the UK, which is cited to be one of the main causes of the system failure in August 2019, affecting about 1 million customers and causing travel chaos in and around London, according to the technical report by National Grid (2019a)
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