Greenness trends and carbon stocks of mangroves across Mexico

Abstract

Mangroves cover less than 0.1% of Earth’s surface, store large amounts of carbon per unit area, but are threatened by global environmental change. The capacity of mangroves productivity could be characterized by their canopy greenness, but this property has not been systematically tested across gradients of mangrove forests and national scales. Here, we analyzed time series of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), mean air temperature and total precipitation between 2001 and 2015 (14 years) to quantify greenness and climate variability trends for mangroves not directly influenced by land use/land cover change across Mexico. Between 2001 and 2015 persistent mangrove forests covered 432 800 ha, representing 57% of the total current mangrove area for Mexico. We found a temporal greenness increase between 0.003[0.001–0.004] and 0.004[0.002–0.005] yr−1 (NDVI values ± 95%CI) for mangroves located over the Gulf of California and the Pacific Coast, with many mangrove areas dominated by Avicennia germinans. Mangroves developed along the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea did not show significant greenness trends, but site-specific areas showed significant negative greenness trends. Mangroves with surface water input have above ground carbon stocks (AGC) between 37.7 and 221.9 Mg C ha−1 and soil organic carbon density at 30 cm depth (SOCD) between 92.4 and 127.3 Mg C ha−1. Mangroves with groundwater water input have AGC of 12.7 Mg C ha−1 and SOCD of 219 Mg C ha−1. Greenness and climate variability trends could not explain the spatial variability in carbon stocks for most mangrove forests across Mexico. Site-specific characteristics, including mangrove species dominance could have a major influence on greenness trends. Our findings provide a baseline for national-level monitoring programs, carbon accounting models, and insights for greenness trends that could be tested around the world.