Abstract
This study thoroughly investigates the intricate association concerning urbanization, energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in Saudi Arabia from 1968 to 2022. Using advanced econometric models and time-series data analysis, we reveal a complex association in which economic growth and urbanization influence energy consumption, leading to increased carbon emissions. The adjustment coefficients for this relationship are estimated to be 0.16%. The causality test findings revealed the existence of both unidirectional and bidirectional causality. Urbanization has a direct impact on both energy consumption and carbon emissions. In turn, carbon emissions affect both energy use and economic growth. Ultimately, carbon emissions influence both energy consumption and economic growth. Our results highlight the urgent need for strategies to reduce carbon emissions by implementing sustainable energy practices, urban planning, and legislative measures. These implications for sustainable development are crucial for Saudi Arabia and offer a structure for other rapidly urbanizing nations dealing with comparable difficulties. Given the potential for change, policymakers must carefully consider and implement these results.
Published Version
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