Abstract
This study reports a facile and eco-friendly method for the green synthesis of platinum and palladium nanoparticles (Pt NPs and Pd NPs) using Peganum harmala seed alkaloid fraction. The ζ-potential of the synthesized Pt NPs, Pd NPs and Pt–Pd NPs were −11.2 ± 0.5, −9.7 ±1.2, and −12.7 ± 2.1 mV; respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with smooth margins. The mean diameters of the synthesized Pt NPs, Pd NPs, and Pt–Pd NPs were determined using TEM analysis and were found to be 20.3 ± 1.9, 22.5 ± 5.7, and 33.5 ± 5.4 nm, respectively. The nanoparticles’ bioreduction was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their organic contents were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The Pt–Pd NPs mixture showed more pronounced antioxidant activity of 843.0 ± 60 μM Trolox equivalent (TE)/mg NPs compared to the individual Pt NPs (277.3 ± 13.5 μM TE/mg NPs) and Pd NPs (167.6 ± 4.8 μM TE/mg NPs). Furthermore, the Pt–Pd NPs exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against lung cancer (A549) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells, IC50 of 8.8 and 3.6 µg/mL, respectively; as compared to Pt NPs (IC50 of 10.9 and 6.7 µg/mL, respectively) and Pd NPs (IC50 of 31 and 10.8 µg/mL, respectively and compared to carboplatin (IC50 of 23 and 9.5 µg/mL, respectively). Moreover, molecular docking studies were conducted to explore the possible anticancer and antioxidant mechanisms of the biogenic nanoparticles. Pt NPs, Pd NPs, and their mixture showed inhibitory activity against cysteine proteinase, which supports their high antitumor activity, but moderate antioxidant activity. In conclusion, Pd-Pt NPs mixture prepared using harmala seed alkaloid fraction showed potential as effective antineoplastic agents.
Highlights
Noble metals nanoparticles (NNPs), including platinum and palladium nanoparticles (Pt NPs and Pd NPs, respectively), have gained attention as promising tools in cancer therapy and biomedical applications [1,2,3]
Streptomycin, penicillin, fetal bovine serum, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) for sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, and Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane were purchased from Lonza, (Basel, Switzerland)
The dichloromethane layer was washed with water and evaporated under reduced pressure at 40 ◦ C, yielding a reddish-brown powder (P. harmala seed alkaloid fraction) which was stored at room temperature in dark glass bottles [17]
Summary
Noble metals nanoparticles (NNPs), including platinum and palladium nanoparticles (Pt NPs and Pd NPs, respectively), have gained attention as promising tools in cancer therapy and biomedical applications [1,2,3]. Pt NPs and Pd NPs have a localized surface plasmon resonance that produces unique absorption bands in the ultraviolet–visible. Both nanoparticles can readily be taken up by cancer cells and have been reported to exhibit anticancer and antioxidant activities [6,7,8]. The produced bimetallic NPs demonstrated a significant antineoplastic activity (74%) against human cervical (HeLa) cancer cells compared to individual Pd NPs (33%) and Pt NPs (12.6%) [9]. Various chemical approaches have been used for fabrication of Pt NPs and Pd NPs, they commonly use harsh reagents and synthetic capping agents [4,5,10,11]
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