Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using an environmentally friendly approach and evaluate the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was used to monitor the conversion of Pd(II) ions to Pd(0)NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystallinity of the as-synthesized PdNPs and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirmed the role of the leaf extract of Evolvulus alsinoides as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of PdNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the average size of the NPs was 5 nm. After a 24-h exposure to PdNPs, cell viability and light microscopy assays revealed the dose-dependent toxicity of the PdNPs. Furthermore, the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the PdNPs was confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of PdNPs-induced autophagy, impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), enhanced caspase-3 activity, and detection of TUNEL-positive cells. Our study demonstrates a single, simple, dependable and green approach for the synthesis of PdNPs using leaf extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides. Furthermore, the in vitro efficacy of PdNPs in human ovarian cancer cells suggests that it could be an effective therapeutic agent for cancer therapy.
Highlights
The synthesis of nanometer-sized noble metals has been the focus of much interest in academia and the industry due to their remarkable physical and chemical properties including catalytic, electronic, magnetic, optical, mechanical, and biological [1,2,3,4]
The present study suggests that impairment of the membrane potential (MMP) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is consistent with the notion that degenerated mitochondria are the primary site of ROS production [90]
We described the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using leaf extracts of E. alsinoides without using any additional chemical agents for reduction or stabilization
Summary
The synthesis of nanometer-sized noble metals has been the focus of much interest in academia and the industry due to their remarkable physical and chemical properties including catalytic, electronic, magnetic, optical, mechanical, and biological [1,2,3,4]. PdNPs are of great importance as catalytic materials and for numerous other applications such as hydrogen storage and sensing [9]. Pd is one of the most efficient metals used in catalysis [10,11] and has been widely studied in catalytic applications including hydrogenation [12], oxidation [13], carbon-carbon bond formation [14], and electrochemical reactions in fuel cells [15]. Fang et al [16] reported a simple route for the preparation of Pd nanosheet-covered hollow mesoporous NPs for the combined chemotherapy and photothermal therapy of cancer cells. PdNPs supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 and MSU-2 showed high toxicities against five different human cancer cell lines [18]. Numerous studies have reported the potential toxicity of PdNPs and their propensity to cause adverse health effects such as concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and alterations in the release and expression of numerous cytokines [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]
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