Abstract
Nanotechnology is considered one of the paramount forefronts in science over the last decade. Its versatile implementations and fast-growing demand have paved the way for innovative measures for the synthesis of higher quality nanomaterials. In the early stages, traditional synthesis methods were utilized, and they relied on both carcinogenic chemicals and high energy input for production of nano-sized material. The pollution produced as a result of traditional synthesis methods induces a need for environmentally safer synthesis methods. As the downfalls of climate change become more abundant, the scientific community is persistently seeking solutions to combat the devastation caused by toxic production methods. Green methods for nanomaterial synthesis apply natural biological systems to nanomaterial production. The present review highlights the history of nanoparticle synthesis, starting with traditional methods and progressing towards green methods. Green synthesis is a method just as effective, if not more so, than traditional synthesis; it provides a sustainable approach to nanomaterial manufacturing by using naturally sourced starting materials and relying on low energy processes. The recent use of active molecules in natural biological systems such as bacteria, yeast, algae and fungi report successful results in the synthesis of various nanoparticle systems. Thus, the integration of green synthesis in scientific research and mass production provides a potential solution to the limitations of traditional synthesis methods.
Highlights
Over the past few years, a large amount of attention has been directed towards nanotechnology
Caramazana et al reported that the process of hydrothermal synthesis produced 10.86 kg of CO2 per kg of Ag2 S nanoparticles [30] which is significantly less compared to 543 kg of CO2 per kg of Ag2 S nanoparticles produced by flame spray pyrolysis [31]
Green synthesis methods provide minimal to no harm to the environment, or to the individuals involved in their fabrication, and are efficacious as the traditional synthesis methods
Summary
Over the past few years, a large amount of attention has been directed towards nanotechnology. The former utilizes larger bulk material and breaks them down into nano-sized particles, and the latter utilizes individual atoms and builds them up into larger nanomaterials Metal nanomaterial products such as silver (Ag), gold (Au) [4], selenium (Se) [5], cadmium sulfide (CdS) [6], lead sulfide (PbS) [7] and iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) [8], provide useful properties for diverse applications. Nano-sized materials are synthesized in a multitude of ways, but there are generally can betop-down subdivided into two main synthesis categories:(Figure traditional methtwo Nanomaterial approaches tosynthesis their creation: and bottom-up. Attractive benefits exist with using traditional nanomaterial merand utilizes bulk Many material and breaks them down into nano-sized particles, and the synthesis methods.
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