Abstract
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using biological resources is the most facile, economical, rapid, and environmentally friendly method that mitigates the drawbacks of chemical and physical methods. Various biological resources such as plants and their different parts, bacteria, fungi, algae, etc. could be utilized for the green synthesis of bioactive AgNPs. In recent years, several green approaches for non-toxic, rapid, and facile synthesis of AgNPs using biological resources have been reported. Plant extract contains various biomolecules, including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and vitamins that act as reducing and capping agents during the biosynthesis process. Similarly, microorganisms produce different primary and secondary metabolites that play a crucial role as reducing and capping agents during synthesis. Biosynthesized AgNPs have gained significant attention from the researchers because of their potential applications in different fields of biomedical science. The widest application of AgNPs is their bactericidal activity. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, researchers are exploring the therapeutic abilities of AgNPs as potential antibacterial agents. Already, various reports have suggested that biosynthesized AgNPs have exhibited significant antibacterial action against numerous human pathogens. Because of their small size and large surface area, AgNPs have the ability to easily penetrate bacterial cell walls, damage cell membranes, produce reactive oxygen species, and interfere with DNA replication as well as protein synthesis, and result in cell death. This paper provides an overview of the green, facile, and rapid synthesis of AgNPs using biological resources and antibacterial use of biosynthesized AgNPs, highlighting their antibacterial mechanisms.
Highlights
This review provides an overview of green green synthesis of AgNPs using different biological resources, various parameters essynthesis of AgNPs using different biological resources, various parameters essential for sential for stable, easy and high yields, antibacterial applications and mechanisms of bistable, easy and high yields, antibacterial applications and mechanisms of biosynthesized
For the green synthesis of AgNPs and they found that the various physico-chemical parameters including concentrations of plant extract and metal ions, incubation time and temperature, and the pH of the reaction time greatly affected the rate of synthesis as well as their shape, size, and yield
Sukweenadhi et al [25] have reported the green synthesis of AgNPs from leaf extract of Plantago major and the synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–vis, TEM, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Summary
Green synthesized AgNPs have been reported as potential antibacterial agents been reported as potential antibacterial agents against various Gram-positive and Gramagainst various Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including Salnegative pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella epidermidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, monella epidermidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens, Escherichia coli, Bacillus. Green synthesis is an efficient process process uses natural compounds(Figure as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents insteadthat uses natural compounds as reducing, and stabilizing agents instead expensive of expensive toxic chemicals. Variouscapping, biological resources such as plants andoftheir diftoxic chemicals. Green synthesized AgNPs have been found to be effective for controlling trolling these multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Polymers 2021, 13, x osynthesized AgNPs as well as describing the prospect for their future development and potential antibacterial applications
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