Abstract
The aim of this work has been to evaluate the aluminium (Al(III)) traces contents in 24-hour urine samples from subjects with different tobacco smoke expositions using a new methodology with 1,4-dihydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone (Quinizarine, QZ) as a fluorosphore. Biological samples were tested using commercial reagent strips and clinical parameters. Al(III) was determined complexing with QZ followed by a solid phase extraction step using Nylon membranes as a solid support. The analyte was subsequently quantified by solid surface fluorescence (SSF, λem= 573, λexc= 490) with a detection limit of 0.88 μg L-1 and quantification limit of 2.69 μg L-1. The calibration curve was linear from 2.69 to 499.13 μg L-1 Al(III) (R2 = 0.9973). Urine samples were successfully analysed with an average recovery close to 100%. Solid phase extraction step showed efficacy to eliminate foreign ions and the highly fluorescent matrix own of urine. Results were validated by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) with an adequate concordance. The new methodology has low operation cost with simple instrumentation and without organic solvent.
Highlights
IntroductionThe sources of exposure of population in general are very varied: the consumption water treated with aluminum sales during the purification process, foods preservatives and colorants containing this metal, pharmaceuticals as antacids, in the production, manufacture and welding of aluminium [1] [2] [3] [4]
The formation of a highly fluorescent pink-red complex between Al(III) and QZ will depend on the nature of the solvent, the molar ratio and the medium pH [32] [33] [34]
Developed methodology proposes the Al(III) traces determination based in the formation of the fluorescent complex with QZ
Summary
The sources of exposure of population in general are very varied: the consumption water treated with aluminum sales during the purification process, foods preservatives and colorants containing this metal, pharmaceuticals as antacids, in the production, manufacture and welding of aluminium [1] [2] [3] [4]. If the levels of aluminium exposure surpass the capacity of natural detoxification by the part of the organism, it will be accumulated, mainly in the bones, the liver and the brain, being considering as possible cause of renal osteodystrophy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease [7] [8] [9]. Monitoring aluminium levels is of paramount importance in the field of clinical chemistry to prevent diseases associated with this metal. Urine is attractive because the same patient can obtain the sample by non-invasive sampling procedure
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