Green Open Space and Barren Land Mapping for Flood Mitigation in Jakarta, the Capital of Indonesia

Abstract

High levels of rainfall, tidal flooding, land subsidence, intensified urban development, scarce barren land and a shortage of green open spaces (GOS) are contributing factors to the persistent flooding in Jakarta. Therefore, this study was conducted to map the GOS, built-up, and barren land in the city in order to calculate the biopore infiltration hole (LRB) potential for water infiltration as part of Jakarta's flood mitigation efforts using the Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI). The Landsat data acquired on September 11, 2019, with path/row 122/064 were processed using the Fast Line-of-Sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) method for the radiometric correction, and geometric correction with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.57 meters. Moreover, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was applied to classify the GOS, the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) for the built-up areas, and the normalized difference barren land index (NDBaI) for barren land areas which were further confirmed using NDBI to distinguish them from the built-up areas. It is also important to note that the LRB potential was calculated by adding the GOS and barren land, dividing the result by the ideal land area multiplied by the ideal number of holes. The results showed that the GOS, built-up area, and barren land were 8.34%, 85.29%, and 2.48%, respectively. Furthermore, the LRB potential through the optimization of GOS and barren land was found to be 70.06 km2 and produced 16,816,248 LRB (18.27% of total needed). The realization of this value is expected to reduce the potential inundation in Jakarta by 15.6%.