Abstract
Carotenoids are characterized by a wide range of health-promoting properties. For example, they support the immune system and wound healing process and protect against UV radiation’s harmful effects. Therefore, they are used in the food industry and cosmetics, animal feed, and pharmaceuticals. The main sources of carotenoids are the edible and non-edible parts of fruit and vegetables. Therefore, the extraction of bioactive substances from the by-products of vegetable and fruit processing can greatly reduce food waste. This article describes the latest methods for the extraction of carotenoids from fruit and vegetable byproducts, such as solvent-free extraction—which avoids the costs and risks associated with the use of petrochemical solvents, reduces the impact on the external environment, and additionally increases the purity of the extract—or green extraction using ultrasound and microwaves, which enables a significant improvement in process efficiency and reduction in extraction time. Another method is supercritical extraction with CO2, an ideal supercritical fluid that is non-toxic, inexpensive, readily available, and easily removable from the product, with a high penetration capacity.
Highlights
Carotenoids belong to a group of organic chemical compounds
Extraction is the process aimed at the physical separation of components of a mixture based on differences in their solubility in two immiscible liquids or their affinity for an absorbent
The enrichment of oils with antioxidant compounds, such as carotenoids, extends the shelf life of the product without the need for synthetic antioxidants [25].The findings presented in Tiwari et al (2019) and
Summary
Carotenoids belong to a group of organic chemical compounds. They are naturally occurring pigments in plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. The first group consists of carotenes, composed only of a hydrocarbon chain without any functional groups, such as lycopene and beta-carotene. Different solvents are used in the extraction process. For non-polar carotenoids, the most commonly used solvents are hexane, petroleum ether, and tetrahydrofuran. Standard extraction methods threaten the external environment due to the use of toxic petrochemical solvents. The article presents the latest green methods of carotenoid extraction from byproducts of vegetable and fruit processing
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