Grazing‐induced shifts in community functional composition and soil nutrient availability in Tibetan alpine meadows

Abstract

SummaryThe functional structure of plant communities can be altered by grazing through two main mechanisms: species turnover (i.e. changes in species occurrence and relative abundance) and intraspecific trait variability (ITV), which is driven by phenotypic responses of individual plants and shifts in the relative abundance of genotypic variants within species. Studies of grassland ecosystem function under grazing often focus on community changes induced by species turnover, which ignores the effects ofITVon biomass productivity, soil carbon or nutrient availability. By quantifying the relative contribution of both effects on shifts in community‐wide traits, we highlight the role ofITVin community functional response to grazing and its implications for ecosystem function in Tibetan alpine meadows.We measured three chemical traits (LC: leaf carbon,LN: leaf nitrogen andLP: leaf phosphorus concentrations) and two morphological traits (SLA: specific leaf area,LDMC: leaf dry matter content) that are critical components of plant production and forage quality in grazed and ungrazed plots. Using variance decomposition of community‐weighted means (CWM) for these foliar traits, we distinguished the relative importance ofITVvs. change in species occurrence and abundance in response to grazing and the associated changes in soil carbon and nutrient availability.TheCWMfor foliar nutrients andSLACWMincreased in response to grazing together with decreases in soil carbon and nutrient stores, especiallyLPCWMenrichment and loss of available soil P. TheLPCWMwas strongly negatively correlated withLDMCCWM, which was significantly higher in ungrazed plots. These community‐wide trait responses to grazing were generally best captured byITVand not changes in species occurrence and abundance, althoughITVwas consistently correlated with species turnover for all traits.Synthesis and applications. In response to continuous grazing, plants in Tibetan alpine meadows increase specific leaf area and foliar nutrients but tend to have lower leaf dry matter content, a response consistent with faster growth and regrowth under grazing. This intraspecific trait variability response drives a shift in community function from conservative, slow‐growing resource use in ungrazed meadows to exploitative resource use under grazing. This community‐wide functional response enhances forage quality, in turn favouring the secondary productivity of small herbivorous mammal communities, but also contributes to accelerated depletion of soil available phosphorus. We discuss the implications of these results for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem function and rangeland sustainability in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, especially with regard to managing grazing rotation to strike a balance between favouring secondary productivity of domesticated stock vs. small herbivorous mammals.