Abstract
Based on the gauge symmetry group SU(3)C ⨂ SU(2)L ⨂ U(1)Y ⨂ U(1)B–L, the minimal supersymmetric extension of the SM with local B-L gauge symmetry(B-LSSM) has been introduced. In this model, we study the Higgs masses with the one-loop zero temperature effective potential corrections. Besides, the finite temperature effective potentials connected with two U(1)B-L Higgs singlets are deduced specifically. Then we can obtain the gravitational wave spectrums generated from the strong first-order phase transition. In the B-LSSM, with the fine-tuned parameter regions, we can obtain the strength parameter αθ ~ 0.14 and the ratio of speed to Hubble rate β/Hn ~ 5 at nucleation temperature, and then obtain observable gravitational wave signals. The gravitational wave signals can be as strong as h2ΩGW ~ 10–9, which may be detectable in the future experiments.
Highlights
Conservation to avoid proton decay [10]
The gravitational wave(GW) signals have been detected at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observer (LIGO) [17, 18], which urges physicists to explore the various universe mysteries
After discussing the Higgs mass, we mainly study the GW spectrums generated from the strong first-order PT of the B-LSSM
Summary
In 1967, Sakharov proposed three necessary conditions for dynamics to produce asymmetry between matter and anti-matter in the universe [40]: (1) baryon number(B) nonconservation; (2) charge conjugation(C) transformation and charge conjugate-parity(CP) joint transformation non-conservation; (3) The system deviation from thermal equilibrium. In any models with a non-anomalous global U(1)B−L symmetry, which includes the BLSSM we studied, the baryon number and lepton number are broken by Sphaleron process respectively, but the difference between the two is conserved. The mechanism of lepton number asymmetry (leptogenesis) requires the lepton number violating process, the C and CP destruction of the lepton part and the realization of the non-equilibrium state. These conditions can be achieved in the general models within the mass neutrino.
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