Abstract
Norovirus is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis, acute vomiting, intense diarrhoea, acute pain in the stomach, high fever, headaches, and body pain. Conventional methods of detection gave us very promising results but had disadvantages such as low sensitivity, cost ineffectiveness, reduced specificity and selectivity, etc. Therefore, biosensors can be a viable alternative device which can overcome all setbacks associated with the conventional method. An electrochemical sensor based on oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (Ox-g-C3N4) modified electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) was fabricated for the detection of norovirus DNA. The synthesized Ox-g-C3N4 nanosheets were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The capture probe DNA (PDNA) modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). These two characterization techniques were also employed to find the optimal scan rate, response time and temperature of the fabricated sensor. The fabricated biosensor showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 fM. Furthermore, the specificity of the reported biosensor was affirmed by testing the response of capture probe DNA with oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (PDNA/Ox-g-C3N4) modified ePAD on the introduction of a non-complimentary DNA. The fabricated ePAD sensor is easy to fabricate, cost effective and specific, and requires a minimum analysis time of 5 s.
Highlights
Human norovirus (NoV) is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis which is known as infectious diarrhea [1]
We report the application of electrochemical Paper-based analytical devices conjugated with graphitic carbon nitride and DNA probe for the detection of norovirus DNA
For the fabrication of the electrochemical paper-based analytical devices, cellulose sheets were used as the substrate
Summary
Human norovirus (NoV) is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis which is known as infectious diarrhea [1] It affects all age groups, from children to elderly people, across the whole world [2]. Food virology research towards the detection of human norovirus has increased manifold after recognizing norovirus as a prominent contributor towards foodborne epidemics [6,7,8] Conventional methods such as electron microscopy (EM) [9], reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays [10], and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) [11] were used for detection of the norovirus. We report the application of electrochemical Paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) conjugated with graphitic carbon nitride and DNA probe for the detection of norovirus DNA. The fabricated biosensor showed a low response time, high specificity and selectivity with a low detection limit
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