Abstract
Graphene is the first two-dimensional allotrope of carbon. Recent theoretical studies of graphene reveal that the linear electronic band dispersion near the Brillouin zone corners give rise to electrons and holes that propagate as if they are massless fermions and anomalous quantum transport is observed experimentally. Graphene has potential for serving as an excellent electronic material that can be used in place of silicon for making ultrafast and stable transistors. It is considered as a promising candidate for electronics and spintronics applications. It provides a bridge between condensed matter physics and quantum electrodynamics.
Highlights
The lattice has two carbon atoms (A and B) per unitCarbon is one of the most intriguing elements in the cell and is invariant under 1200 rotations around any Periodic Table
The large difference between c and vF implies that the interacting electrons in a graphene sheet is not like the 2D version of quantum electrodynamics (QED), for example not Lorentz invariant
It is shown that graphene has a minimum electrical conductivity of the order of the quantum unit e2/h, even when the concentration of charge carriers is zero (Novoselov et al, 2005; Zhang et al, 2005), where e is the charge of the electron
Summary
The lattice has two carbon atoms (A and B) per unitCarbon is one of the most intriguing elements in the cell and is invariant under 1200 rotations around any Periodic Table. In a neutral graphene sheet, this is equal to zero energy since valence and conduction bands meet (known as neutrality point). The bands form conical valleys that touch at two of the high symmetry points (usually labelled by their momentum vector K and K ′ ) in the Brillouin zone, sheets are one-atom thick, 2D layers of s p 2 -bonded carbon.
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