Abstract
Grapevine powdery mildew is a principal fungal disease of grapevine worldwide. Even though it usually does not cause plant death directly, heavy infections can lead to extensive yield losses, and even low levels of the disease can negatively affect the quality of the wine. Therefore, intensive spraying programs are commonly applied to control the disease, which often leads to the emergence and spread of powdery mildew strains resistant to different fungicides. In this review, we describe major fungicide classes used for grapevine powdery mildew management and the most common single nucleotide mutations in target genes known to confer resistance to different classes of fungicides. We searched the current literature to review the development of novel molecular methods for quick detection and monitoring of resistance to commonly used single-site fungicides against Erysiphe necator. We analyze and compare the developed methods. From our investigation it became evident that this research topic has been strongly neglected and we hope that effective molecular methods will be developed also for resistance monitoring in biotroph pathogens.
Highlights
Grapevine powdery mildew is a major disease of cultivated and wild grapevine species worldwide causing substantial yield and economic losses [1]. It is caused by Erysiphe necator Schwein (previously Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill; anamorph Oidium tuckeri Berk.), an obligate biotrophic fungus belonging to ascomycetes, family Erysiphaceae
We briefly describe the different fungicide classes used for grapevine powdery mildew management and survey the presence of resistance to these classes
The resistance of grapevine powdery mildew to different fungicide classes is an extensive problem common to all grapevine growing regions, but the development of novel sensitive techniques that could be routinely used for early detection of resistant isolates and improve resistance management is still slow
Summary
Grapevine powdery mildew is a major disease of cultivated and wild grapevine species worldwide causing substantial yield and economic losses [1]. Viticulture is a sector with one of the highest use of fungicides, with an average yearly application of 19.5 kg/ha of active ingredients [13] Such extensive and repeated applications of fungicides increase the risk of resistance development in E. necator populations in different cultivation areas. High genetic diversity was observed in the Eastern North America, the presumed center of grapevine powdery mildew origin [14,15] It was most probably introduced in Europe and Australia, where two distinct genetic groups A and B (previously I and III) were repeatedly identified based on different molecular markers [16,17]. In case the molecular mechanisms of action are known, we describe the most common mutations responsible for the resistance in E. necator and other fungal plant pathogens, and we discuss the advancements in the development of highly sensitive molecular methods for the detection of resistant strains and their implementation in practice
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