Grado motivacional del docente salesiano para el abordaje sanitario ante el desabastecimiento hídrico en Huancayo, 2021

Water scarcity and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa

Von Schnitzler convincingly argues that countries in the global South should be seen 'not merely as recipients of neoliberal policies, but as epistemic locations in which neoliberal thought is adapted, reformulated and produced' (p. 34).

On March 3, 2022, an outbreak of cholera in Malawi was declared by the Malawian Ministry of Health. As of April 26, four deaths and 78 cases had been reported to WHO, contributing to an estimated case fatality ratio of 5·1%. According to WHO, people from southern Malawi, who were displaced due to torrential rains and floods during late January to February 2022, did not have access to safe drinking water and sanitation services and, therefore, were at an increased risk of diseases such as cholera.

Leaf nitrogen allocation and photosynthetic proteins response can affect net photosynthetic rate (Pn), ultimately influencing crop yield under diverse environmental stresses. However, the internal relationship between Pn with leaf nitrogen allocation and photosynthetic proteins response under nitrogen or water scarcity in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) remains elusive. Here, comprehensive physiological property and proteomic analyses of peanut were conducted, revealing that both nitrogen and water scarcity remarkably impeded leaf growth and reduced Pn. Nitrogen deficiency significantly reduced the total nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Narea), chlorophyll content, and Pn, whereas drought stress caused a greater decline in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). The allocation of leaf nitrogen to photosynthetic components, including the carboxylation system and electron transport system in leaves, was significantly reduced when subjected to individual or combined deficiency. Proteomic analyses exhibited that several key photosynthetic proteins underwent a decrease under both single and combined water and nitrogen deficiency conditions. Thereby, Pn may decline due to the disruption of nitrogen allocation and down-regulated expression of photosynthetic proteins under these stress conditions. Our findings establish a benchmark for future research exploring the roles of leaf nitrogen allocation and photosynthetic proteins in the plant’s response to nitrogen or water deficiency.

What is the status of the European Union's water resources and sanitation services when sustainable development goals are evaluated?

This chapter is set in the context of the lack and scarcity of basic urban drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. It raises the question of the involvement of multiple actors, and of formal and informal arrangements for service delivery. The Democratic Republic of Congo government’s VEA programme aims to improve access to these three services through collaboration between public authorities and citizens. To investigate the long-term dimension of these arrangements, this chapter focuses on the motivations of community actors to co-produce WASH services on the periphery of Kinshasa. The authors exploit the prism of the co-production of public services to characterise these arrangements and to understand co-production incentives. The chapter concludes that citizens’ contributions are diverse, mobilising different categories, and that a mix of these motivations can contribute to the sustainability of these arrangements. Eventually, knowing the motivations of citizens in co-producing allows policymakers to orient public policies to keep their motivations active.

Additional vector control tools are needed to supplement current strategies to achieve malaria elimination and control of Aedes-borne diseases in many settings in Thailand and the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Within the next decade, the vector control community, Kasetsart University (KU), and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation must take full advantage of these tools that combine different active ingredients with different modes of action. Pu Teuy Mosquito Field Research Station (MFRS), Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University (KU), Thailand was established in 2001 and has grown into a leading facility for performing high-quality vector biology and control studies and evaluation of public health insecticides that are operationally relevant. Several onsite mosquito research platforms have been established including experimental huts, a 40-m long semi-field screening enclosure, mosquito insectary, field-laboratory, and living quarters for students and researchers. Field research and assessments ranged from ‘basic’ investigations on mosquito biology, taxonomy and genetics to more ‘applied’ studies on responses of mosquitoes to insecticides including repellency, behavioural avoidance and toxicity. In the course of two decades, 51 peer-reviewed articles have been published, and 7 masters and 16 doctoral degrees in Entomology have been awarded to national and international students. Continued support of key national stakeholders will sustain MFRS as a Greater Mekong Subregion centre of excellence and a resource for both insecticide trials and entomological research.

Among the world’s regions, sub-Saharan Africa is lagging in progress in achieving the SDG 6 targets of universal access to water and sanitation. If sub-Saharan Africa continues with the current pace of progress, achieving the targets by 2030 are unlikely. Various challenges contribute to the slow pace of progress of the access to water and sanitation by the sub-Saharan Africa population. The author categorizes the challenges under two interlinked areas, physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity. The physical water scarcity refers to a lack of available water resources, and the economic water scarcity refers to limited water access resulting from insufficient financial resources. An in-depth analysis of the economic scarcity reveals a significant financing gap in Africa to meet the universal coverage of water and sanitation. The study proposes various options for financing mechanisms to close the gap. The conclusion is that African countries need to put an extraordinary effort into increasing the water and sanitation services’ annual coverage rate to achieve the SDG 6 targets by 2030.KeywordsSub-Saharan AfricaMonitoring progressChallengesPopulationWater stressFinancial stress

To document the process, outcome and effectiveness of a community-based intervention for dengue control. The primary intervention, focused on strengthening intersectoral coordination, was initiated by researchers in January 2000 in a pilot area in Playa municipality, Havana. In August 2002 health authorities extended the intervention to neighbouring areas, one of which was selected for evaluation. In August 2003 a complementary strategy, focused on community empowerment, was initiated in half of the pilot area. In our control area, routine dengue activities continued throughout the study period. Longitudinal process assessment was carried out using document analysis, interviews and group discussions. Random population surveys in 1999, 2002 and 2005 assessed levels of participation and behavioural changes. Entomological surveillance data from 1999 to 2005 were used to determine effectiveness. Mean scores for participation in the pilot area were 1.6, 3.4 and 4.4 at baseline, and 2 years after initiating intersectoral coordination and intersectoral coordination plus community empowerment interventions, respectively. While in the control area little behavioural change was observed over time, changes were considerable in the pilot and extension areas, with 80% of households involved in the community empowerment intervention showed adequate behavioural patterns. The pilot and extension areas attained comparable entomological effectiveness with significantly lower Breteau indices (BIs) than the control area. The pilot (sub-) area with the community empowerment intervention reached BIs below 0.1 that continued to be significantly lower than the one in the control area until the end of the study. The study showed a trend in the levels and quality of participation, behavioural change and effectiveness of Aedes control from the routine activities only over an intervention with intersectoral coordination to one that combined intersectoral coordination and community empowerment approach.

Emphasizes the importance of water security in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in a global context, including impacts on human well-being and economic prosperity. Chronic scarcity, variable hydrology, poor governance, and soaring demand are causing overexploitation of the region’s scarce water resources. The surface water resources of the MENA region are not only the scarcest; they also constitute the most variable and unpredictable in the world. The MENA region, as well as Central Asia and parts of South and East Asia, stand out as areas in which water resources are being unsustainably exploited. Achieving water security involves actions across a range of elements related to water resources management and service delivery; without enhanced water security, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will prove difficult, in particular SDG 6, the so-called water SDG, which seeks to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis exert a huge burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting the poorest of the poor. The principal method by which these diseases are controlled is through vector control, which has a long and distinguished history. Vector control, to a greater extent than drugs or vaccines, has been responsible for shrinking the map of many VBDs. Here, we describe the history of vector control programmes worldwide from the late 1800s to date. Pre 1940, vector control relied on a thorough understanding of vector ecology and epidemiology, and implementation of environmental management tailored to the ecology and behaviour of local vector species. This complex understanding was replaced by a simplified dependency on a handful of insecticide-based tools, particularly for malaria control, without an adequate understanding of entomology and epidemiology and without proper monitoring and evaluation. With the rising threat from insecticide-resistant vectors, global environmental change, and the need to incorporate more vector control interventions to eliminate these diseases, we advocate for continued investment in evidence-based vector control. There is a need to return to vector control approaches based on a thorough knowledge of the determinants of pathogen transmission, which utilise a range of insecticide and non–insecticide-based approaches in a locally tailored manner for more effective and sustainable vector control.

The provision of water supply, sanitation and wastewater services generates substantial benefits for public health, the economy and the environment. Benefits from the provision of basic water supply and sanitation services such as those implied by the Millennium Development Goals are massive and far outstrip costs. Benefit-to-cost ratios have been reported to be as high as 7 to 1 for basic water and sanitation services in developing countries. Wastewater treatment interventions can generate significant benefits for public health, the environment and for certain economic sectors such as fisheries, tourism and property markets, although these benefits may be less obvious to individuals and more difficult to assess in monetary terms. Finally, protecting water resources from pollution and managing water supply and demand in a sustainable manner can deliver clear and sizeable benefits for both investors in the services and end water users. Investments in managing water resources are going to be increasingly needed in the context of increasing water scarcity at the global level. The full magnitude of the benefits of water services is seldom considered for a number of reasons. Non-economic benefits that are difficult to quantify but that are of high value to the concerned individuals and society, i.e. non-use values, dignity, social status, cleanliness and overall well-being are frequently under-estimated. In addition, benefit values are highly location-specific (depending on the prevalence of water-related diseases or the condition of receiving water bodies, for example) and cannot be easily aggregated.

The provision of water supply, sanitation and wastewater services generates substantial benefits for public health, the economy and the environment.Benefits from the provision of basic water supply and sanitation services such as those implied by the millennium development goals are massive and far outstrip costs. Benefit-to-cost ratios have been reported to be as high as 7 to 1 for basic water and sanitation services in developing countries.Wastewater treatment interventions can generate significant benefits for public health, the environment and for certain economic sectors such as fisheries, tourism and property markets, although these benefits may be less obvious to individuals and more difficult to assess in monetary terms.Finally, protecting water resources from pollution and managing water supply and demand in a sustainable manner can deliver clear and sizeable benefits for both investors in the services and end water users. Investments in managing water resources are going to be increasingly needed in the context of increasing water scarcity at the global level.The full magnitude of the benefits of water services is seldom considered for a number of reasons. Non-economic benefits that are difficult to quantify but that are of high value to the concerned individuals and society, i.e. non-use values, dignity, social status, cleanliness and overall well-being are frequently under-estimated. In addition, benefit values are highly location-specific (depending on the prevalence of water-related diseases or the condition of receiving water bodies, for example) and cannot be easily aggregatedThis title belongs to OECD Report Series.ISBN: 9781780406053 (eBook)ISBN: 9781780400112 (Print)

Dracunculiasis—a case study for infection eradication

Systematic Literature Review of Complementary Food Hygiene Interventions on Child Health Outcomes