Abstract
Aberrant expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. G Protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member A (GPRC5A) is a member of the GPCR superfamily, is expressed preferentially in lung tissues, and is regulated by various entities at multiple levels. GPRC5A exerts a tumor suppressive role in lung cancer and GPRC5A deletion promotes lung tumor initiation and progression. Recent advances have highlighted that GPRC5A dysregulation is found in various human cancers and is related to many tumor-associated signaling pathways, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Src signaling. This review aimed to summarize our updated view on the biology and regulation of GPRC5A, its expression in human cancers, and the linked signaling pathways. A better comprehension of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of GPRC5A will provide novel insights into its potential diagnostic and therapeutic value.
Highlights
The early and accurate diagnosis of cancer is a long-standing problem which, if solved, can significantly improve the patient prognoses
GPRC5A is a member of orphan class C of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily and was originally identified as a tumor suppressor playing an important role in lung tumor development
The GPRC5A gene contains many binding sites for transcription factors: this allows the regulation of GPRC5A expression by retinoic acid (RA), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), BRCA1, and many others
Summary
The early and accurate diagnosis of cancer is a long-standing problem which, if solved, can significantly improve the patient prognoses. For this purpose, modern molecular diagnosis is an advanced and essential detection technique. As cancer is the result of the accumulation of adverse diseaserelated molecular events, it is reasonable to stratify patients according to genetic alterations in one or more genes. This has become an important factor in clinical intervention [1, 2]. There remains a requirement for novel biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity
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