Abstract
To obtain insight into perceptions of how fish welfare and health is governed in Norwegian aquaculture, this study investigates three conflict cases: salmon lice, pancreas disease and farm siting. Using surveys and in-depth interviews, it highlights challenges and solutions as perceived from different professional groups. The results show that the current inflexible limit of the number of salmon lice permitted creates frustration, both among the farmers themselves and fish health personnel, and that many advocate means for making the regulations more in line with how much infection pressure a farm creates. The regulators acknowledge that upholding salmon lice regulations may diminish animal welfare. Also, farmers and fish health professionals are concerned about the welfare impact of risky delousing operations. Where pancreas disease is concerned, many express their incredulity that a clearly welfare harming disease is permitted to be endemic in parts of Norway, while a positive diagnosis outside the endemic zone will lead to the fish farmers having to slaughter their fish. The case of farm siting was responsible for less conflict than expected. Few expressed strong opinions, but some asked for an overall plan for farm positioning in order to limit spread of pathogens. All groups expressed a concern in that it is difficult to implement the necessary changes within the present framework. The overall problem seems to be that what is best for the single farmer or company in the short term, is often contrary to the common good and long-term benefit of the industry as a whole.
Highlights
Since the start in the early 19700s the Norwegian salmon industry has developed from small scale, often family owned, fish farms to an intensive, technology and knowledge driven industry, dominated by large multibillion companies
This study explores the views of Norwegian salmon farmers, fish health personnel and regulators about how the governance of salmon lice, pancreas disease (PD) and farm siting influence fish welfare
Sixty-six percent of the respondents stated that today’s governance of salmon lice had a limited effect on improving fish welfare, while 23% held that it led to improved welfare (Table 1)
Summary
Since the start in the early 19700s the Norwegian salmon industry has developed from small scale, often family owned, fish farms to an intensive, technology and knowledge driven industry, dominated by large multibillion companies. The current laws and regulations are a result of a long history of dynamic interactions between a growing and developing industry and changing politics from different governments, and their response to new scientific knowledge, and environmental, technological and economic challenges facing the industry [2]. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority governs fish health and welfare, and aims to limit the spread of pathogens, the Norwegian Environment Agency aims to limit harmful pollutants and waste products from fish farms, while the Directorate of Fisheries is in charge of long-term profitability through sustainable management of marine resources [6]
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