Abstract
Abstract: Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan were pirates and smugglers who, through service to the Mongols in their conquest of the Southern Song, rose to become leading regional officials under Khubilai Khan, possessors of a large territory in the Yangzi Delta that was under their exclusive control, and owners of fleets of ships that dominated the transportation of grain by sea from the lower Yangzi to Dadu (Beijing). Their story sheds light on the great array of maritime activities under Khubilai and his willingness to tolerate a high level of corruption and misgovernment in the process.
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