Abstract
The aim of the study is to identify the different impacts of the economy and agriculture on the environment in the different countries in natural, historical, political and economic terms. Two countries were chosen as an example – the USA and China, and one group of countries – the European Union. The research used data from Faostat and the World Bank. It also used the author’s method of estimation of agricultural production, defined as the amount of energy expressed in kilocalories. Research showed that highly developed economies are highly polutogenic, but, on the other hand, they are effective, which means that the production of GDP entails relatively little pollution. In the case of agriculture, it was stated that productivity is determined primarily by demographic factors, mainly the density of population. It means that despite the differences in the level of development, the productivity of land is relatively high in China and the EU and lower in the USA. Basing on the analyses, a number of development dilemmas were pointed out, highlighting the social importance of multi-faceted security generated by the developed economy. At the same time, environmental threats were also identified.
Highlights
For obvious reasons, food is one of the basic human needs, and ensuring an adequate supply of food is a concern for both farms and states
It can be assumed that the economy as a whole and agriculture in particular largely serve the purpose of producing goods and services for inhabitants of the particular country or group of countries
There is a need to notice that the EU and the USA are characterised by much higher participation in the generation of the global GDP compared to the percentage of the global population, which indicates a high level of economic development. This translates into emission volumes, which means that creation of wealth does not take place without environmental impact
Summary
Food is one of the basic human needs, and ensuring an adequate supply of food is a concern for both farms and states. It has many more characteristic features, but this study focuses on the three fundamental issues It is an activity carried out in the natural environment, which means that it both modifies and depends on it (Sadowski, 2012). These are truths known from the inception of agriculture, which developed primarily in favourable natural conditions and, at the same time, led to significant transformation of the landscape, creating specific agroecosystems. Nowadays, these dependencies can be observed in the form of climate change. These, in turn, affect production volume and specialisation, and in particular the possible location of specific crops, crop yield and stability (Grzelak and Stępień, 2011; Sachs, 2009)
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