Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer-based pencil graphite electrode (MIP PGE) sensor, modified with gold nanoparticles, was utilized for the detection of dopamine in the presence of other biochemical compounds using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), depending on its strong electroactivity function. The pulse voltammetry methods recorded the highest response. In addition to the high oxidation rate of DA and the other biomolecule interferences available in the sample matrix used, which cause overlapping voltammograms, we aimed to differentiate them in a highly sensitive limit of detection range. The calibration curves for DA were obtained using the CV and DPV over the concentration range of 0.395–3.96 nM in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.4 with a correlation coefficient of 0.996 and a detection limit of 0.193 nM. The electrochemical technique was employed to detect DA molecules quantitatively in human blood plasma selected as real samples without applying any pre-treatment processes. MIP electrodes proved their ability to detect DA with high selectivity, even with epinephrine and norepinephrine competitor molecules and interferences, such as ascorbic acid (AA). The high level of recognition achieved by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is essential for many biological and pharmaceutical studies.
Highlights
IntroductionDopamine (DA) denotes one of the essential monoamine neurotransmitters (chemical messengers between neurons) found naturally in beings, which is currently being studied extensively
Introduction published maps and institutional affilDopamine (DA) denotes one of the essential monoamine neurotransmitters found naturally in beings, which is currently being studied extensively
The developed MAC-Au pre-complex was successfully integrated into the polymeric composition of the molecularly imprinted polymer-based pencil graphite electrode (MIP Pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs)) and non-imprinted polymer-based pencil graphite electrode (NIP PGE) sensors
Summary
Dopamine (DA) denotes one of the essential monoamine neurotransmitters (chemical messengers between neurons) found naturally in beings, which is currently being studied extensively It is usually spread in the brain tissue of the central nervous system of the human body, which has various important roles, especially inside the brain, including executive functions, blood flow, reinforcement, motivation, behavior, and reward [1]. Irregular DA levels may precipitate various disorders with complex functions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, Parkinson’s disease, and others [2] Numerous analytical methods, such as spectroscopy, fluorescence analysis [3], capillary electrophoresis [4], and high-pressure liquid chromatography [HPLC] [5], have been used for the detection of DA. These procedures are high-cost, complex, tedious, and require special equipment, even though the spectrophotometry technique has recently been improved to be detectable and straightforward with a high limit of detection [6]. iations.
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