GOLDEN APPLE CHERRY SNAIL SHELL AS CATALYST FOR HETEROGENEOUS TRANSESTERIFICATION OF BIODIESEL

S Trisupakitti,W Senajuk,C Ketwong,C Phukapak,S Wiriyaumpaiwong

doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20180354s20170537

Abstract

ABSTRACT Calcium oxide catalysts prepared from golden apple cherry snail shell (Pomacea canaliculata) via two steps - deproteination and calcination - were compared: the structure was characterized by XRD and XRF and morphology by SEM. In addition, the effects of reaction time, catalyst loading amount, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on the biodiesel yield were measured. The optimum conditions for biodiesel production, 0.8 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 65 OC reaction and 6 h reaction time, gave a biodiesel up to 95.2%. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrated high stability, permitting reuse for up to four cycles with biodiesel yield falling by only 4%.

Highlights

Biodiesel is a non-petroleum-based fuel, that generally consists of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), derived from the transesterification of triglycerides (TG) with methanol or ethanol, respectively
Calcium oxide catalysts prepared from golden apple cherry snail shell (Pomacea canaliculata) via two steps - deproteination and calcination - were compared: the structure was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
This is consistent with several other reports which report 65oC as the optimum temperature for batch stirred and packed-bed reactors: Lengyel et al (2015) for rapeseed oil using calcium oxide (CaO); Buasri et al (2013) for palm oil over CaO derived from eggshell wastes in a batch stirred tank reactor and Ketcong et al (2014) for palm oil over limestone-derived CaO in a fixedbed reactor

Summary

Introduction

Biodiesel is a non-petroleum-based fuel, that generally consists of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), derived from the transesterification of triglycerides (TG) with methanol or ethanol, respectively. The reaction sequence is: TG + ROH DG + R 'COOR (1). TG + 3ROH Glycerol + 3R 'COOR (4). Equations (1)-(3) eventually produce glycerol forming one ester molecule for each alcohol molecule consumed in each step. Equation (4) shows the overall reaction, with 1 mole of triglyceride and 3 moles of alcohol forming 3 moles of alkyl esters and 1 mole of glycerol as a by-product (Nomanbhay et al, 2017). Biodiesel contains various types of methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids with C14-C24 carbon chains. Biodiesel has a higher flash point than diesel so it is safer for transportation (Demirbas, 2009)

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Conclusion