Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) exerted significantly (p < 0.0001) supportive roles on the phagocytosis bioactivity of the immune cells of phagocytic nature against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Under experimental conditions, upon bacterial exposure, the combined GNPs and GOFs induced significant clearance of bacteria through phagosome maturation (p < 0.0001) from time-points of 6 to 30 min and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS, p < 0.0001) through the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2, p < 0.0001)-based feedback mechanism. The effects of the combined presence of GNPs and GOFs on phagocytosis (p < 0.0001) suggested a synergistic action underway, also achieved through elevated signal transduction activity in the bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM, p < 0.0001). The current study demonstrated that GNPs’ and GOFs’ bactericidal assisting potentials could be considered an effective and alternative strategy for treating infections from both positive and negative bacterial strains.
Highlights
Various nanoparticles (NPs) are employed extensively in nanobiotechnology and biomedicine fields due to their unique physicochemical features of size, shape, and other physicochemical characteristics, including their reactivity toward biocomponents.NPs function as antigen carriers [1], imaging reagents, molecular tags [2], therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic entities, and as part of simultaneous delivery modules [3,4,5].The multifunctional core-shell nanoplatforms made from gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) for miRNA delivery and their study on the delivery and release profile were reported [6,7]
The results showed an increase in phagocytic human neutrophil activity, followed by infection with S. aureus after adding the GNPs and GOFs at a concentration of 10 μg/mL each (Figure 2F)
Our results showed a significant increase in phagosomal acidification of the GNP- and GOF-pretreated Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages (BMDMs) following the ingestion of S. aureus and E. coli, as compared with the control BMDMs (Figure 4)
Summary
Various nanoparticles (NPs) are employed extensively in nanobiotechnology and biomedicine fields due to their unique physicochemical features of size, shape, and other physicochemical characteristics, including their reactivity toward biocomponents.NPs function as antigen carriers [1], imaging reagents, molecular tags [2], therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic entities, and as part of simultaneous delivery modules [3,4,5].The multifunctional core-shell nanoplatforms made from gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) for miRNA delivery and their study on the delivery and release profile were reported [6,7]. Various nanoparticles (NPs) are employed extensively in nanobiotechnology and biomedicine fields due to their unique physicochemical features of size, shape, and other physicochemical characteristics, including their reactivity toward biocomponents. NPs function as antigen carriers [1], imaging reagents, molecular tags [2], therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic entities, and as part of simultaneous delivery modules [3,4,5]. As NPs are foreign to the body, macrophages, characterized by plasticity and heterogeneity [8], have to play crucial roles in in vivo situations to recognize, process, and clean-off NPs [9]. M1 or pro-inflammatory and M2 as anti-inflammatory phenotypes [10], with M1 exerting crucial effector cells during the resistance responses against intracellular pathogens and tumour growths [11,12].
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