Abstract
Gold compounds are not only well-explored for cytotoxic effects on tumors, but are also known to interact with the cancer immune system. The immune system deploys innate and adaptive mechanisms to protect against pathogens and prevent malignant transformation. The combined action of gold compounds with the activated immune system has shown promising results in cancer therapy through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Gold compounds are known to induce innate immune responses; however, these responses may contribute to adaptive immune responses. Gold compounds play the role of a major hapten that acts synergistically in innate immunity. Gold compounds support cancer cell antigenicity and promote anti-tumor immune response by inducing the release of CRT, ATP, HMGB1, HSP, and NKG2D to enhance immunogenicity. Gold compounds affect various immune cells (including suppressor regulatory T cells), inhibit myeloid derived suppressor cells, and enhance the function and number of dendritic cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have potential for improving the effect of immunotherapy and reducing the toxicity and side effects of the treatment process. Thus, AuNPs provide an ideal opportunity for exploring the combination of anticancer gold compounds and immunotherapeutic interventions.
Highlights
In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested that all types of cancer therapies, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy. and targeted drugs, might result in opposing effects on systemic and cancer-associated immunological parameters
Gold compound-based anticancer therapeutics induce immunepotentiating effects that are predominantly initiated by damage to the cancer cells, signals released by drug-exposed tumor tissues, and the recruitment of effector immune cells into the cancer lesions, which counteract the immune-resistant milieu of the tumor microenvironment (TME) (Rivera Vargas and Apetoh, 2017)
Contact dermatitis by gold compounds is probably caused by slow ionization of gold upon contact with the skin and subsequent absorption and haptenization as well as modification of otherwise non-immunogenic cellular structures by antigenic compounds including metal ions, leading to an immune response
Summary
Gold compounds are well-explored for cytotoxic effects on tumors, but are known to interact with the cancer immune system. The combined action of gold compounds with the activated immune system has shown promising results in cancer therapy through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Gold compounds are known to induce innate immune responses; these responses may contribute to adaptive immune responses. Gold compounds play the role of a major hapten that acts synergistically in innate immunity. Gold compounds support cancer cell antigenicity and promote anti-tumor immune response by inducing the release of CRT, ATP, HMGB1, HSP, and NKG2D to enhance immunogenicity. AuNPs provide an ideal opportunity for exploring the combination of anticancer gold compounds and immunotherapeutic interventions
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