Abstract
In this paper, we examine how early internationalizing firms can overcome liabilities of foreignness and appear to “skip” stages in their international expansion. After performing a systematic literature review, we examine how founder, firm and country antecedent characteristics can facilitate early international expansion by firms. We conceptualize a set of firm characteristics that reduce liabilities of foreignness, but which are not commonly considered in the international business literature. Finally, we offer propositions that differentiate early internationalizing firms from more traditional multinational firms and that explain how firms can overcome liabilities of foreignness early in their life cycle.
Published Version
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