Going Beyond Philanthropy: A Dual Process Approach to Examine How Consumers Punish Brand Misanthropy

PurposeThis research aims to develop and test a conceptual model for shaping small and medium enterprise (SME) employees' avoidance behaviour towards using pirated software. The model specifies the components of morality, spirituality, emotional intelligence and ethical values that influence employees' avoidance behaviour towards using pirated software.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework was developed and tested on the basis of information technology and management literature by using data from 275 influential and active employees of SMEs. Data were collected via a survey and analysed through covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM).FindingsIn the context of SMEs, employees' avoidance behaviour towards using pirated software is motivated by significant moral antecedents. Moral equity and judgement significantly influence employees' avoidance behaviour towards using pirated software when moral emotion mediates such a relationship. In addition, individual spirituality significantly moderates the relationship between moral equity and moral emotion. Employees' emotional intelligence optimises the strength of the relationship between moral judgement and moral emotion. Employees' likelihood to engage in unethical behaviour decreases when they exhibit strong ethical values in the relationship between moral emotion and their behaviour towards using pirated software.Research limitations/implicationsThis study offers theoretical support for employees' avoidance behaviour towards using pirated software. The findings of this cross-sectional work have limited generalisability. Single-country data may not be generalised to SME employees in other countries. Thus, cross-country analysis and additional measures and antecedents must be developed and identified in the future.Practical implicationsPolicymakers and managers should consciously review the proposed seven-component model that causes SME employees to avoid the use of pirated software. Ethical standards that lessen the use of pirated software can be improved if managers and policymakers understand the components of moral equity and judgement that influence moral emotions.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine the specific antecedents of the ethical standards and avoidance behaviours of SME employees towards the use of pirated software. As such, it provides a foundation for further studies on this critical area and software piracy in the context of SMEs in an emerging economy, which is limited in current literature.

Implicit cognition is cognition that happens automatically and (typically) non-consciously. In moral psychology, implicit cognition is almost always understood in terms of dual process models of moral judgment. In this chapter, we address the question whether implicit moral judgment is usefully cashed out in terms of automatic (“type 1”) processes, and what the limitations of this approach are. Our chapter has six sections. In (1), we provide a brief overview of dual process models of domain-general (moral and non-moral) cognition. (2) reviews a recent debate regarding the soundness of dual process models to begin with. Section (3) is about dual process accounts of moral judgment specifically. The last three sections then survey attempts to go beyond a simplistic automatic/controlled (“type 2”) distinction in conceptualizing implicit moral cognition. Recently, three main theoretical approaches have emerged, which all revolve around the questions whether type 2 processing can successfully penetrate implicit moral cognition. First, rational learning approaches highlight how episodes of moral learning can feed back into and shape our moral intuitions (4). Second, so-called triple process models suggest that automatic cognitive outputs can under certain circumstances be reined in by reflective cognition (5). Finally, recent evidence shows that moral reasoning is not as impotent as earlier developments in empirical moral psychology claimed to demonstrate (6).

This study was conducted to define detailed factors by combining the factors of SNS (social network services) information attributes and dual processing process theory and to investigate the relationship between customer satisfaction, brand attitude, and sustainable use intention. An empirical analysis was conducted using data collected from 361 participants who have experience in SNSs for searching for restaurant information. The major results are as follows: First, two intuitive SNS information attributes (reliability and liveliness) and two analytical attributes (usefulness and conciseness) have a significant positive influence on customer satisfaction to use an SNS. In particular, the reliability was the most significant antecedent of the SNS information attributes in this study. In addition, the current study verified the significant relationships among customer satisfaction, brand attitude, and sustainable use intention. Based on these research results, it was verified that SNS information characteristics are important attributes in eliciting customer satisfaction, attitude toward the brand, and sustainable use intention from customers. This study will contribute to providing various practical implications to establish valuable marketing strategies.

The Chinese sportswear market has become increasingly competitive in the last few years. Additionally, Chinese domestic brands’ up marketing and global brands’ down marketing initiatives may generate confusion in consumers’ minds regarding the position and image of the brands. It is vital to investigate not only Chinese consumers’ positive purchase behaviors, but also their negative avoidance toward sportswear brands. The purpose of this study was to examine consumers’ brand avoidance behaviors due to their negative perceptions toward sportswear brands in the Chinese sportswear market based on brand avoidance framework. The results suggested that Chinese consumers have shown avoidance toward both domestic and global sportswear brands. The following motivational factors were revealed as significant influencers of Chinese consumers’ avoidance behaviors toward sportswear brands: negative shopping and consumption experience, negative brand identity, and unpleasant advertisement. Additionally, the relationships between brand avoidance drivers and brand avoidance were moderated by brands’ country of origin.

Negative consumer–brand interactions often result in consumer subversion, in which consumers actively reject or avoid brands. To date, the role of positive emotional states, such as subjective well‐being, in brand avoidance remains a crucial oversight in the literature seeking to address consumer subversion. In this study, comprising three studies, we examine why and when subjective well‐being influences brand avoidance. Drawing on self‐control theory and the literature related to anti‐consumption, we argue and demonstrate in Study 1 (N = 330) that subjective well‐being enhances consumers' ability to avoid brands that transgress moral and ethical norms. Study 2 (N = 251) reveals the underlying psychological process by which subjective well‐being engenders greater self‐control in consumers who, as a response, exhibit brand avoidance behavior. Study 3 (N = 243) indicates that anti‐consumption attitude serves as the boundary condition; it specifically demonstrates that a macro‐oriented anti‐consumption attitude accentuates the influence of subjective well‐being on brand avoidance, whereas a micro‐oriented anti‐consumption attitude does not have any effect. Our research contributes to the consumer subversion literature by evaluating the influence of subjective well‐being on moral brand avoidance. This study offers key insights for marketing managers entering markets containing consumers with high or low subjective well‐being.

This paper analyzes the effect of drug cartel violence on farmers in Northeastern Mexico. Using tools from the psychology literature on risk perceptions, dual process theory and behavioral economics, we investigate factors correlating with fear among farmers, and how that fear is affecting rural life and production decisions. Farmers' actions in response to risk can be explained under the dual process approach, and the degree of emotional and deliberative response for each action is estimated. We find evidence that drug related violence in Mexico is affecting rural life and production decisions of small holder farmers.

Effect of service transgressions on distant third-party customers: The role of moral identity and moral judgment

Artwork creation by a cognitive architecture integrating computational creativity and dual process approaches

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine consumers’ brand avoidance behaviours toward sportswear brands in the Chinese sportswear market. A theoretical framework was proposed regarding the influence of motivational drivers as well as the moderating effect of country of origin on consumers’ brand avoidance behaviours. A focus group study and a web-based survey were used to collect data to test the relationships proposed in the theoretical framework. The results suggested that avoidance toward sportswear brands existed among Chinese consumers. Motivational factors including negative shopping and consumption experience, negative brand identity, and unpleasant advertising had significant influences on Chinese consumers’ avoidance behaviours toward sportswear brands. Additionally, brands’ country of origin moderated the relationships between brand avoidance drivers and Chinese consumers’ brand avoidance toward sportswear brands. This study fills a gap in the literature on brand avoidance, and provides great insight for the sportswear industry in China.

In recent years, the development of online platforms has significantly expanded the dissemination of online reviews at an astonishing speed. The undeniable impact it has on consumers and sales necessitates addressing the issue of reducing brand avoidance behavior caused by negative reviews, which remains a prominent concern among academics and sellers. To enhance communication between sellers and consumers while minimizing misunderstandings, numerous platforms have introduced the sellers' responses function. With various types of sellers' responses available, different response strategies yield distinct effects. This paper aims to investigate how diverse seller replies influence potential consumers' brand avoidance by examining their classification and impact in conjunction with previous literature on factors influencing brand avoidance.

The dual process theory posits that people relies on their emotion (especially negative emotions) when they are faced with personal moral dilemmas, such as pushing a person off a footbridge in order to stop a trolley that would otherwise kill five people. In an fMRI investigation, the medial frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, and bilateral angular gyrus are more activated in considering a personal moral dilemma, leading them to make a characteristically deontological judgment. On the other hand, people are less emotionally engaged in non‐personal moral dilemmas, leading them to be more consequentialist in their judgment. Empathy is argued to be a salient moral emotion that could alter one’s moral judgment in moral dilemmas. Specifically, when judging about the permissibility of a person’s proposed action, the subjects will judge those they empathize with less harshly, and when they themselves have to make the decision, they will tend to save the party they empathize with across dilemmas.

An argument that moral reasoning plays a crucial role in moral judgment through episodes of rational reflection that have established patterns for automatic judgment foundation. Rationalists about the psychology of moral judgment argue that moral cognition has a rational foundation. Recent challenges to this account, based on findings in the empirical psychology of moral judgment, contend that moral thinking has no rational basis. In this book, Hanno Sauer argues that moral reasoning does play a role in moral judgment—but not, as is commonly supposed, because conscious reasoning produces moral judgments directly. Moral reasoning figures in the acquisition, formation, maintenance, and reflective correction of moral intuitions. Sauer proposes that when we make moral judgments we draw on a stable repertoire of intuitions about what is morally acceptable, which we have acquired over the course of our moral education—episodes of rational reflection that have established patterns for automatic judgment foundation. Moral judgments are educated and rationally amenable moral intuitions. Sauer engages extensively with the empirical evidence on the psychology of moral judgment and argues that it can be shown empirically that reasoning plays a crucial role in moral judgment. He offers detailed counterarguments to the anti-rationalist challenge (the claim that reason and reasoning play no significant part in morality and moral judgment) and the emotionist challenge (the argument for the emotional basis of moral judgment). Finally, he uses Joshua Greene's Dual Process model of moral cognition to test the empirical viability and normative persuasiveness of his account of educated intuitions. Sauer shows that moral judgments can be automatic, emotional, intuitive, and rational at the same time.

Does participation in sport promote good character? Many academics have attempted to investigate this question from philosophical, sociological and psychological perspectives. Most recently, several psychologists have adopted a range of methods to investigate the relationship between sport participation and moral character. To do so, they eschew the lay methodological approach, which focuses on a concept of character couched in terms of good and evil. Instead, they rely on a cognitive developmental concept of moral judgement. Moral judgement is the process of deciding what is right or wrong based on social norms. In the context of the mode of cognitive moral development, the moral judgement of non-athlete college students was significantly more mature than that of athletes. With the development of theory and technique, a substantial body of research supports a dual-process theory of moral judgement, which involves an automatic-emotional factor in the process of moral judgement. To date, however, limited work has been performed to explore whether sport participation can alter moral judgement in the context of the dual-process theory. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the different moral judgement mechanisms between athlete and non-athlete college students. A total of 30 college students (including 15 high-level basketball players with at least five years of professional training experience) participated in this cross-sectional study. The moral judgement task, consisting of personal and impersonal dilemmas, was designed with E-Prime software. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS Devices 1100, fNIR Devices LLC, 4 dual-wavelength source probes and 10 optical detector probes paired to obtain 16 channels) was adopted to monitor haemodynamic activities in the prefrontal cortex while the subjects performed the moral judgement task. Significant experimental effects were observed in behavioural and haemodynamic performance. Both subject groups revealed more utilitarianism in impersonal dilemmas than in personal dilemmas. In addition, compared with the non-athlete group, the athlete group evoked a greater haemodynamic response in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-related channel (channel 13, channel 14 and channel 15) and evoked a decreased haemodynamic response in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-related channel (channel 3). Moreover, the peak latency in the athlete group was shorter than that in the non-athlete group. This study verified the dual-process theory of moral judgement in athlete samples. Individual differences were observed in temporal and spatial indicators during the moral judgement task. Taking brain function into consideration, our findings reflect an enhanced emotion control ability in the athlete group to suppress a prepotent response to moral dilemmas.

Previous studies have demonstrated the possibility that when people are in standing rather than sitting postures, they have a stronger cognitive control propensity, making them inclined to agree more to sacrificing one innocent person and saving more people. Furthermore, this postural effect can be moderated by dual processes. In three studies, participants read dilemma scenarios followed by a proposed behavior to sacrifice one innocent person and save five or more people. The participants in sitting or standing postures were asked whether the described action was morally acceptable (moral judgment) and whether they would perform the described action (moral action). The results demonstrated that participants were more approving of the behavioral proposal in the moral action perspective than in the moral judgment perspective across the three studies. The hypothesized postural effect was found in a field study (Study 1) and replicated in a preregistered replication study (Study 2), and was further supported in an experimental study (Study 3). Compared with those in sitting postures, participants in standing postures expressed higher approval of the behavioral proposal compared to their sitting counterparts. Furthermore, the postural effect was dismissed when participants made moral decisions with a dual task to increase cognitive load, and it was reversed when they made moral decisions after deliberate consideration of the behavioral proposal (Study 3). The present research supports and extends the dual-process morality theory by demonstrating that body posture can affect moral decision-making; it also offers novel evidence revealing the moderating role of dual process on embodiment effects. It enriches our knowledge that morality is evolutionarily embodied in postures and that the dual process can moderate embodiment effects.

Autonomous driving (AD), despite significant progress, is still not widely applied in open, unconstrained environments, primarily owing to deficiencies in hazard perception, few-shot generalization, corner case generalization, and evaluation metrics, resulting in reliability concerns. Therefore, we propose CogniDrive, an innovative framework based on dual-process and deliberate practice theories, leveraging contextual reasoning of the large language model (LLM) to enhance AD robustness and generalization. Inspired by dual-process theory, CogniDrive comprises two cognition modes: InstinctNav for rapid, intuitive decision-making and ReflectPlan for reflective reasoning. Enhanced by a thought model and experience embedding for LLM, InstinctNav combines behavioral cloning and retrieval augmented generation to enhance few-shot learning efficiency based on deliberate practice theory. ReflectPlan processes and internalizes reward signals embedded in language tokens within the prompt, derived from a self-reflection mechanism, to enable continuous improvement and generalization. To detect hazards in corner cases precluded by limited training data distribution, a vision language model is integrated for comprehensive environmental understanding through multimodal self-reflection. Furthermore, we propose an evaluation system that addresses the incompleteness of traditional metrics and emphasizes safety, comfort, and energy efficiency. Experiments on nuScenes and CODA datasets using the proposed evaluation system demonstrate CogniDrive's superior robustness and adaptability.