Abstract
Glyphosate is the most commonly-used herbicide in the world. The present review summarizes the discovery, prevalence, chemical and physical properties, mode of action and effects in plants, glyphosate resistance and the environmental fate of glyphosate. Numerous studies are reviewed that demonstrate that glyphosate may run off of fields where it is applied, while other studies provide evidence that plant roots can take up glyphosate. Non-target vegetation may be exposed to glyphosate in the root-zone, where it has the potential to remove aqueous glyphosate from the system. Further study on the effects of root-zone glyphosate on non-target vegetation is required to develop best management practices for land managers seeking to ameliorate the effects of root-zone glyphosate exposure.
Highlights
Based on the literature presented, the following points may be recapitulated: (1) glyphosate often runs off of fields where it is applied; (2) glyphosate can be translocated by plant roots; and (3)
Glyphosate can affect plant functioning in non-target plants found in agricultural ditches
The information may be utilized by government agencies or land managers seeking to understand the effects of glyphosate runoff on the vegetation in the receiving agricultural ditches
Summary
Glyphosate was discovered as an herbicide in 1970 and became commercially available in 1974 as a post-emergent, non-selective herbicide [1]. Because it is a broad-spectrum herbicide, initial agricultural use of glyphosate was restricted to weed removal before planting with crops [2]. Glyphosate experienced commercial popularity as various formulations, such as Roundup®. In 1996, genetic engineering led to the introduction of the first. Toxics 2015, 3 genetically-modified herbicide-resistant crop, Roundup Ready soybeans (Glycine max) [3]. The innovation of genetically-modified herbicide-resistance led to expanded use of glyphosate, making it the most applied herbicide globally
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