Glycan detecting tools developed from the Clostridium botulinum whole hemagglutinin complex

Ea Kristine Clarisse Tulin,Tomomi Nakamura,Shin-Ichi Nakakita,Hiroaki Tateno,Naoki Ohzono,Atsushi Nishikawa,Keiko Hiemori,Shion Saito,Chiaki Nakazawa,Takashi Tonozuka

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01501-1

Abstract

Lectins are proteins with the ability to recognize and bind to specific glycan structures. These molecules play important roles in many biological systems and are actively being studied because of their ability to detect glycan biomarkers for many diseases. Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin complex; HA1, HA2, and HA3 are lectins that aid in the internalization of the toxin complex by binding to glycoproteins on the cell surface. HA1 mutants have been previously reported, namely HA1 W176A/D271F and HA1 N278A/Q279A which are specific to galactose (Gal)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) sugars, respectively. In this study, we utilized HA1 mutants and expressed them in complex with HA2 WT and HA3 WT to produce glycan detecting tools with high binding affinity. Particularly, two types were made: Gg and Rn. Gg is an Alexa 488 conjugated lectin complex specific to Gal and GalNAc, while Rn is an Alexa 594 conjugated lectin complex specific to Neu5Ac. The specificities of these lectins were identified using a glycan microarray followed by competitive sugar inhibition experiments on cells. In addition, we confirmed that Gg and Rn staining is clearly different depending on cell type, and the staining pattern of these lectins reflects the glycans present on the cell surface as shown in enzyme treatment experiments. The availability of Gg and Rn provide us with new promising tools to study Gal, GalNAc, and Neu5Ac terminal epitopes which can aid in understanding the functional role of glycans in physiological and pathological events.

Highlights

Lectins are proteins with the ability to recognize and bind to specific glycan structures
There are several ways to design multimeric lectins, there are lectins that naturally exist as complexes containing more than one sugar binding site, examples of which are the hemagglutinin proteins from the Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin complex
One that is specific to Gal/GalNAc (Gg) and another one that is specific to Sialic acid (Rn) (Fig. 1)

Summary

Introduction

Lectins are proteins with the ability to recognize and bind to specific glycan structures These molecules play important roles in many biological systems and are actively being studied because of their ability to detect glycan biomarkers for many diseases. Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin complex; HA1, HA2, and HA3 are lectins that aid in the internalization of the toxin complex by binding to glycoproteins on the cell surface. Lectins are proteins which can recognize and bind to specific glycan chains and is used to complement mass spectrometry analyses of glycosylation profiles These molecules have been broadly used to identify glycan biomarkers for cancer cells, isolating pluripotent cells, anticancer drugs, antimicrobial agents, and glycan p rofiling[1,2,3,4,5]. The binding avidities of the HAs contribute to the internalization of the toxin complex into epithelial cells, thereby enhancing the toxicity of NTX

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Conclusion