Abstract
Simple SummaryGlutamine is a non-essential amino acid, but in disease conditions, it works as essential amino acid and plays a significant role in the animal’s body. Glutamine is a vital amino acid and works to boost immunity in disease conditions and also improves the metabolism in animals.In the body of an animal, glutamine is a plentiful and very useful amino acid. Glutamine consumption in the body of animals in normal or disease conditions is the same or higher than the glucose. Many in vivo as well as in vitro experiments have been conducted to evaluate the importance of glutamine. Glutamine is a valuable nutrient for the proliferation of the lymphocytes. It also plays a crucial role in the production of cytokines, macrophages, phagocytic, and neutrophil to kill the bacteria. Most of the metabolic organs like the liver, gut, and skeletal muscles control the circulation and availability secretion of glutamine. In catabolic and hypercatabolic conditions, glutamine can turn out to be essential and plays a vital role in metabolism; however, availability may be compromised due to the impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. This is why the supplementation of glutamine is commonly used in clinical nutrition and is especially recommended to immune-suppressed persons. Despite this, in catabolic and hyper-catabolic conditions, it is challenging due to the amino acid concentration in plasma/bloodstream and glutamine should be provided via either the oral, enteral or parenteral route. However, the effect of glutamine as an immune-based supplement has been previously recognized as many research studies conducted in vivo and in-vitro evaluated the beneficial effects of glutamine. Hence, the present study delivers a combined review of glutamine metabolism in essential organs of the cell immune system. In this review, we have also reviewed the metabolism and action of glutamine and crucial problems due to glutamine supplementation in catabolic conditions.
Highlights
Glutamine is an α-amino acid and is the most abundant free amino acid in the body
Glutamine is required for the proper function, proliferation, and survival of immunity cells, and eventually, these cells protect the animal’s body against various pathogens
No everyone will get the beneficial effects of glutamine supplementation
Summary
Glutamine is an α-amino acid and is the most abundant free amino acid in the body. The first description of glutamine importance was by Ehrensvard et al [1], who described the importance of glutamine in cell survival and proliferation. In the body of an animal (cells and tissue), the amino acid is a building block and the second most important and abundant compound after water. In the 1980s, the laboratory of Eric NewShelome, the University of Oxford and many other institutes all over the world extensively acknowledged this theory (1935–2011) Based on their hypotheses, the idea of “immune-metabolism” [3,6,7,8,9], the current motive immune system used the glutamine amino acid as a fuel for their proper function; in addition, the low level of blood may damage the role of immune cells, subsequently developing poor clinical consequences and an up-surged in the death rate [10]. Glutamine is generally used in clinical nutrition, supplementation in pre- and post-operative patients and used by athletes to restore their immune functions
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