Abstract
One of the major roles of glutamic acid (Glu) is to serve as an excitatory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system (CNS). This amino acid influences the activity of several brain areas, including the thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord, basal ganglia, and pons. Catecholamines (CAs) are synthesized in the brain and adrenal medulla and by some sympathetic nerve fibers. CAs, including dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E), are the principal neurotransmitters that mediate a variety of CNS functions, such as motor control, cognition, emotion, memory processing, pain, stress, and endocrine modulation. This study aims to investigate the effects of the application of various Glu concentrates (5, 50, and 200 µM) on CAs release from rabbit medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) slices and compare any resulting correlations with CAs released from the hypothalamus during 90 min of incubation. Medial prefrontal cortex samples were dissected from decapitated, twelve-week-old female rabbits. The results demonstrated that Glu differentially influences the direct release of CAs from the mPFC and the indirect release of CAs from the hypothalamus. When under stress, the hypothalamus, a central brain structure of the HPA axis, induces and adapts such processes. Generally, there was an inhibitory effect of Glu on CAs release from mPFC slices. Our findings show that the effect arises from Glu’s action on higher-order motivational structures, which may indicate its contribution to the stress response by modulating the amount of CAs released.
Highlights
The medial prefrontal cortex is the part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex that is located frontmost and covers the orbital region.When we consider evolution, it is the youngest region of the brain
During the control incubation of prefrontal cortex tissue in the incubation medium, dopamine concentration in the tissue was determined to be 0.12 ± 0.02 ng·mg−1 after the first 30 min of the experiment (Figure 1A). After another 30 min, the concentration of dopamine decreased to a value of 0.012 ± 0.001 ng·mg−1 of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) tissue (p < 0.05)
The use of glutamic acid (Glu) I resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of dopamine after the first 30 min of the experiment to the value of 0.05 ± 0.006 ng·mg−1 of mPFC tissue (p < 0.05), compared to the values found in the control group, after which it did not change significantly in the minutes following, reaching a value of 0.04 ± 0.002 ng·mg−1 of mPFC tissue (p < 0.05) at
Summary
It is the youngest region of the brain. The neurons of this cortex are characterised by long dendrites covered with a large number of dendritic spines—. The dendrite of one neuron can be covered with thousands of dendrite spines that perfectly increase the ability to make contact with a large number of other neurons. The prefrontal cortex mainly controls behavior and adapts it to environmental conditions. These roles are attributed, in particular, to the mPFC [2,3], which assesses and interprets information, and —using previous experience—generates behavior appropriate to the current social situation [4]
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