Glucose Concentrations in Closely Related Titmice (Baeolophus) Species Linked to Regional Habitat Differences Across an Avian Hybrid Zone

Hemodialysis is known to decrease blood glucose concentration (BGC), insulin, and methylglyoxal levels. However, the effects of decreases in these factors on the increase in post-hemodialysis BGC remain unknown. This study identifies the effects of hemodialysis-induced changes in concentrations of these elements on post-hemodialysis BGC. Study subjects included seventeen insulin-treated diabetes patients receiving hemodialysis. The fluctuations in BGC on hemodialysis-treatment days and non-hemodialysis-treatment days were evaluated using a continuous glucose monitoring system. BGC was evaluated before breakfast, before starting hemodialysis, at the end of hemodialysis, 1 h post-hemodialysis (lunch), and 6 h post-hemodialysis (dinner). BGC, insulin, and methylglyoxal levels were measured at the start and end of hemodialysis. This study also evaluated the changes in the concentrations of glucose and insulin in the arterial line and the venous line during hemodialysis. Hemodialysis decreases BGC, insulin, and methylglyoxal levels. Concentrations of glucose and insulin in the arterial line gradually decreased during dialysis, while concentrations in the venous line approached their original concentrations in the dialysis solution. BGC rose sharply after eating lunch 1 h post-hemodialysis. The blood glucose, insulin, and methylglyoxal concentrations at the end of hemodialysis were associated with the M values and the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion values between before lunch and dinner. In particular, methylglyoxal concentration at the end of hemodialysis was strongly related to the post-hemodialysis increase in BGC. Hemodialysis-induced decreases in methylglyoxal concentrations and methylglyoxal concentration at the end of hemodialysis influence post-hemodialysis fluctuations in BGC.

To investigate whether co-ingestion of dietary protein with, or before, carbohydrate may be a useful strategy to reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia in older men with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured for 180 minutes following ingestion of a drink containing 30 g of glucose (G; 120 kcal), 30 g of whey protein (120 kcal), 30 g of glucose plus 30 g of whey protein (GP; 240 kcal), or control (~2 kcal) in older men with T2D (n=10, 77 ± 1 years; 31 ± 1.7 kg/m2 ) and without T2D (n=10, 78 ± 2 years; 27 ± 1.4 kg/m2 ). Mixed model analysis was used. GP versus G markedly reduced the increase in blood glucose concentrations (P < .001) and had a synergistic effect on the increase in insulin concentrations (P < .001), in men both with and without T2D. Glucose concentrations were higher in men with T2D compared with those without T2D, whereas insulin and glucagon concentrations were largely unaffected by the presence of T2D. Gastric emptying was faster in men with T2D than in those without T2D. The ability of whey protein to reduce carbohydrate-induced, postprandial hyperglycaemia is retained in older men with T2D compared with those without T2D, and whey protein supplementation may be a useful strategy in the prevention and management of T2D in older people.

Background: Hyper- as well as hypoglycemia may be detrimental for brain energy metabolism and even a moderate increase in blood glucose concentration can affect outcome adversely. During physiological conditions, glucose concentration obtained from microdialysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue adequately reflects plasma glucose concentration. This study examines whether this correlation is also obtained during intensive care in patients with severe injuries. Methods: The study included 62 patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. All patients received one 30 mm microdialysis catheter (CMA 60, CMA Microdialysis) inserted into periumbilical subcutaneous adipose tissue. The probe was perfused (0.3 w l/min) with a Ringer solution from a microinfusion pump and analyzed for glucose, lactate, and glycerol. The study included 2.434 simultaneous analyses of glucose concentration in arterial blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Results: The correlation coefficient for glucose concentration in blood and interstitial fluid was 0.743 for the whole material. The correlation was relatively poor for 1-6 h after insertion of the probes. During this period, a continuous increase in the subcutaneous level of glucose and decreases in lactate and glycerol were noted. Conclusions: The correlation between blood glucose concentration and glucose concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue was not as good during intensive care as in normal humans. The poor correlation during the first 6 h probably reflects a stress reaction (and possibly local vasoconstriction). Microdialysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue permits frequent bedside analyses of the biochemical composition of the extracellular fluid and may be of value during routine intensive care provided the methodological limitations are recognized.

Due to the lag between sugar intake and the beginning of recovery from hypoglycemia, it is necessary to intervene in an anticipatory way if one wants to prevent, not only detect, hypoglycemia. This article presents the principle of a hypoglycemia prevention system based on risk assessment. The risk situation can be defined as the moment when the system estimates that the glucose concentration is expected to reach a hypoglycemia threshold in less than a given time (e.g., 20 min). Since there are well-known discrepancies between blood and interstitial glucose concentrations, the aim of this experimental study performed in nondiabetic rats was first to validate this strategy, and second to determine whether it can work when the glucose concentration is estimated by a glucose sensor in subcutaneous tissue rather than in blood. We used a model of controlled decrease in blood glucose concentration. A glucose infusion, the profile of which mimicked the appearance of glucose from an intragastric load, was administered either when hypoglycemia was detected or on the basis of risk recognition. Despite the lag between the beginning of the load and that of the increase in blood glucose concentration, which was in all experiments 15-20 min, hypoglycemia was fully prevented without overshoot hyperglycemia in the groups of rats in which the glucose load was started when the hypoglycemia risk was detected, on the basis of either blood or interstitial glucose concentration. This was, of course, not the case when the same glucose load was infused at the detection of the hypoglycemia threshold.

DIABETES mellitus affects an estimated 35 million people in the United States, and the disease prevalence is predicted to increase by nearly 200% in the next several decades. As a result, anesthesiologists will be confronted with an increasing population of patients undergoing anesthesia and surgery who are at risk for ischemic heart disease. Hyperglycemia Predicts Cardiovascular Risk Diabetes is a significant predictor of perioperative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but few studies have evaluated methods to modify this risk. Compelling evidence indicates that aggressive management of diabetes may substantially decrease the adverse consequences of myocardial ischemia and infarction. The direct impact of hyperglycemia on cardiovascular mortality in patients with and without diabetes is a central theme of current research, and several investigations conducted during the past 20 yr demonstrated that mortality resulting from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is increased if blood glucose concentration is elevated at the time of hospital admission. 1 These findings were confirmed in a recent prospective analysis of 336 consecutive patients admitted with AMI. 2 One-year mortality was 9% for patients with AMI and normal admission blood glucose values. In contrast, patients with hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentrations of 121 15, 168 13, and 282 65 mg/dl) on admission demonstrated substantial increases (P 0.005) in mortality to 13, 30, and 44%, respectively. 2 The Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) trial addressed the prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes and AMI. 3 A nearly linear relationship between blood glucose concentration on admission and long-term mortality was observed in conventionally treated patients in this randomized clinical trial (mortality rates of 35, 40, and 55% at blood glucose concentrations of 235, 235–298, and 298 mg/dl, respectively). A direct relationship between fasting blood glucose concentration and the risk of sustaining a cardiovascular event (e.g., sudden cardiac death, AMI, or cerebrovascular accident) has been demonstrated in a meta-regression analysis of data from 20 studies involving more than 95,000 patients. 4 The risk associated with fasting blood glucose concentrations was linear and extended below the threshold used to define diabetes. A fasting blood glucose value of only 110 mg/dl was associated with an increased relative risk of a cardiovascular event. Similarly, the odds ratio of AMI was increased to 1.5, 3.4, and 6.0 at fasting blood glucose concentrations of approximately 90, 110, and greater than 115 mg/dl, respectively. 5 Another large cohort study indicated that glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration, but not the presence of diabetes, predicted an increase in mortality. 6 The risk of all-cause mortality increased by a factor of 1.46 for every 1% increase in HbA 1c when male patients with diabetes, those with HbA 1c concentrations greater than 7%, or patients with a history of heart disease or stroke were excluded from the multivariate regression model. Similarly, creatinine kinase concentrations were higher in patients with hyperglycemia admitted with AMI compared with those with normal blood glucose levels. 2 These data demonstrate a striking relationship

The ingestion of dietary protein with, or before, carbohydrate may be a useful strategy to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, but its effect in older people, who have an increased predisposition for type 2 diabetes, has not been clarified. Blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured for 180 min following a drink containing either glucose (120 kcal), whey-protein (120 kcal), whey-protein plus glucose (240 kcal) or control (~2 kcal) in healthy younger (n = 10, 29 ± 2 years; 26.1 ± 0.4 kg/m2) and older men (n = 10, 78 ± 2 years; 27.3 ± 1.4 kg/m2). Mixed model analysis was used. In both age groups the co-ingestion of protein with glucose (i) markedly reduced the increase in blood glucose concentrations following glucose ingestion alone (p < 0.001) and (ii) had a synergistic effect on the increase in insulin concentrations (p = 0.002). Peak insulin concentrations after protein were unaffected by ageing, whereas insulin levels after glucose were lower in older than younger men (p < 0.05) and peak insulin concentrations were higher after glucose than protein in younger (p < 0.001) but not older men. Glucagon concentrations were unaffected by age. We conclude that the ability of whey-protein to reduce carbohydrate-induced postprandial hyperglycemia is retained in older men and that protein supplementation may be a useful strategy in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in older people.

ContextIt is unclear whether immersion in cool water, typical of many beaches, increases the concentration of blood glucose in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis in individuals with T1DM that immersion neck-deep in cool water (COOL) causes an increase in blood glucose concentration, but not exposure to thermoneutral water (THERMO) or thermoneutral air.MethodsEight overnight-fasted participants with T1DM were exposed for 60 minutes on separate days to 3 experimental conditions: cool water (COOL, 23 °C); thermoneutral water (THERMO, 33.5 °C); or thermoneutral air (24 °C). They then recovered for 60 minutes on land at 24 °C. At time intervals, we measured: blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration, rate of carbohydrate and fat oxidation, skin and core temperature, subcutaneous blood flow, and shivering via electromyography.ResultsThere was no change in blood glucose concentration during the 3 experimental conditions (P > .05). During recovery after COOL, blood glucose increased (P < .05) but did not change in the other 2 conditions. The rate of carbohydrate oxidation during and early after COOL was higher than in the other 2 conditions (P < .05), and COOL led to a decrease in subcutaneous blood flow and the concentration of plasma insulin (P < .05).ConclusionCool or thermoneutral neck-deep immersion in water does not cause a change in the concentration of blood glucose in people with T1DM, but on-land recovery from COOL causes an increase in blood glucose that may be due, at least in part, to the accompanying decrease in plasma insulin.

Blood glucose concentrations fluctuate with stress, but little is known on how it is influenced by clinical procedures. The objective was to investigate the effect of clinical procedures on blood glucose concentration in healthy horses. Prospective, experimental study. Seven hospital-owned research horses were included in the study. A total of 4 horses were sampled either during a control sedation trial or during 3 different student workshops (prepurchase, oral, and rectal examination-the latter 2 with sedation). Blood samples were taken every 15 minutes and glucose concentration in whole blood was measured immediately with a previously validated handheld glucometer until normalization after the end of the workshops. No food was provided during sampling periods. All measured blood glucose concentrations remained within reference interval. A significant increase in blood glucose concentration between baseline and peak was found during sedation (P=0.005) and the oral workshop (P=0.031). A decrease was found during prepurchase examination (P=0.006; before exercising). Peak glucose concentration values between the sedation trial and both the oral (P=0.065) and rectal workshop (P=0.709) were not statistically different. Glucose measurements returned to baseline 1 hour after completion of the workshops. No impact of different clinical procedures on the blood glucose concentration over the effects of sedation was found. It is advisable to wait 1 hour after a procedure to measure blood for glucose concentration in horses.

To determine the sodium correction factor for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs. Retrospective analysis of 76 hospitalization episodes from 67 different dogs presenting to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2023. For each hospitalization episode, paired blood sodium and glucose concentration measurements were recorded from the time of presentation until glucose concentration was ≤ 201 mg/dL. Therapies administered, primary diagnosis, and concurrent diseases were also recorded for each episode. A linear mixed model was used to determine the sodium correction factor per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose. Piecewise linear mixed models were also constructed for blood glucose measurements ≤ 400 mg/dL and > 400 mg/dL to explore potential correction factor differences between low and high glucose concentrations. A sodium correction factor of a 1.6-mEq/L (95% CI, 1.3 to 1.9 mEq/L) decrease in sodium concentration per 100-mg/dL increase in blood glucose concentration was calculated. Differences in the correction factor between conditions of low and high glucose concentrations could not be determined due to a small sample size of blood glucose values > 400 mg/dL. Most dogs received similar treatments throughout the study period, including balanced isotonic crystalloids (97% [74/76]), electrolyte supplementation (84% [64/76]), and regular insulin (97% [74/76]). Almost all patients (93% [71/76]) had 1 or more concurrent diseases. A sodium correction factor of 1.6 mEq/L (decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose) is recommended for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs.

The Balcones Escarpment in central Texas is a sloped region between the Edwards Plateau and the coastal plain. The metropolitan areas located along the Balcones Escarpment (e.g., San Antonio, Austin, and Dallas‐Fort Worth) are prone to heavy rain and devastating flood events. While the associated hydrological issues of the Balcones Escarpment have been extensively studied, the meteorological impacts of the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment are not well understood. The indeterminate impacts of the thermal and dynamic effects of the Edwards Plateau on August climatological precipitation are investigated in this study using the multisensor Stage IV precipitation data, high‐resolution dynamic downscaling, and short‐term sensitivity simulations. Analysis results indicate that the total August precipitation east of the Balcones Escarpment is suppressed and precipitation over the eastern part of the Edwards Plateau is enhanced. Locally initiated moist convection in the afternoon contributes most to the total precipitation during August in the region. The dynamic downscaling output captures the spatial pattern of afternoon precipitation, which is well aligned with the simulated upward motions. The clay‐based soil types that dominate the Edwards Plateau have great potential to retain soil moisture and limit latent heat fluxes, consequently leading to higher sensible heat flux than over the plain to the east. As a result, vertical motion is induced, triggering the afternoon moist convection over the Edwards Plateau under favorable conditions. In comparison, the sloping terrain plays a smaller role in triggering the convection. Short‐term sensitivity simulations for a clear day confirm and further prove such a diagnosis.

A new generation of rapid, easy to use and robust colorimetric point of care (POC) nanocellulose coated-paper sensors to measure glucose concentration in blood is presented in this study. The cellulose gel containing the enzyme with co-additive is coated and dried onto a paper substrate. Nanocellulose gel is used to store, immobilize and stabilize enzymes within its structure to prolong enzyme function and enhance its availability. Here, we immobilize glucose oxidase within the gel structure to produce a simple colorimetric blood glucose sensor. Increase in blood glucose concentration increases the concentration of reaction product which decreases the system pH detected by the pH indicative dye entrapped in the nanocellulose gel. The sensor produces a color change from red to orange as pH decreases due to the enzymatic reaction of glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. This sensor can measure glucose concentrations of 7-13mM (medical range for diabetes control) at temperatures of 4°C-40°C. Stability tests confirm that no denaturation of enzyme occurs by measuring enzyme activity after 4weeks. A prototype device is designed to instantly measure the glucose concentration from blood in a two steps process: 1) red blood cell separation and 2) quantification of glucose by color change. This study demonstrates nanocellulose sensor as an economical, robust, and sensitive diagnostic technology platform for a broad spectrum of diseases.

Ponte Academic JournalMay 2018, Volume 74, Issue 5 VOLUNTARY INGESTION OF A HIGH-FAT HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET: A MODEL FOR PREDIABETESAuthor(s): Andile Khathi ,Mluleki Luvuno, Musa MabandlaJ. Ponte - May 2018 - Volume 74 - Issue 5 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2018.5.11 Abstract:Type 2 diabetes is normally preceded by pre-diabetes, a condition that is not well established in animal models for diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet in the development of prediabetes. Animals were randomly assigned to the following diets ad libitum during experimentation; standard rat chow (ND+H2O), modern high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC+Fructose), high-fructose (ND+Fructose) and a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC+H2O). We measured blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration, OGT response and the HOMA-IR index. Body weight gain, food intake, fluid intake and caloric intake were also monitored. Plasma insulin, ghrelin, leptin and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were also measured. When compared to the other groups, the OGT response in correspondence with AUCglucose values in HFHC+Frucose group resulted in increased blood glucose concentration. This was accompanied by an increase in caloric intake, glucose, triglyceride and HbA1c concentration despite no difference in body weight gain. There was an increase in plasma insulin and ghrelin concentration while plasma leptin concentration was decreased. The HOMA-IR value was above 2.9 in the HFHC+Fructose group suggesting the presence of insulin resistance. Voluntary ingestion of a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet with fructose leads to sustained high blood glucose concentration despite increased plasma insulin concentration that is associated with increased HbA1c and ghrelin concentration suggesting reduced insulin sensitivity. This suggests that this model can be used to investigate pre-diabetes effects that emanate from voluntary ingestion of a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet with fructose thus opening new avenues for better understanding of this condition. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

What Happens to Blood Glucose Concentrations After Oral Treatment for Neonatal Hypoglycemia?

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation-resistant glucose on the glucose concentration and other metabolites in portal and jugular blood in 15 non-lactating cows. In all cows, an indwelling catheter was placed in the left jugular vein and the portal vein for collection of blood samples. Five control cows were fed hay as a normal diet, five control cows were fed straw to induce an energy deficit and five cows were fed hay and they received additionally 2000 g of a fermentation-resistant D-glucose product. The glucose concentration in jugular and portal blood was not influenced by feeding. The concentration of urea and bile acids were significantly higher in portal blood than jugular blood. There was no difference between portal and jugular blood of glucose and total solids. Diet had a significant effect on the concentrations of ammonia, urea, free fatty acids and triglycerides. The concentrations of ammonia and urea were higher in blood of cows fed straw than in blood of cows fed either hay or a fermentation-resistant glucose product. The concentration of urea remained constant in cows fed hay, but increased in cows fed straw and decreased in cows fed a fermentation-resistant glucose product. The concentration of free fatty acids and triglycerides were significantly higher in cows fed a fermentation-resistant glucose product than in cows fed hay. In the present study, a single administration of 300 g of fermentation-resistant glucose did not affect the concentration of blood glucose. Therefore, despite ongoing promotion of such products, there is no indication at this time that administration of fermentation-resistant glucose to cows at the start of lactation results in an increase in blood glucose concentration.

Studies in both humans and rodents suggest that maternal diabetes leads to a higher risk of the fetus developing impaired glucose tolerance and obesity during adulthood. However, the impact of hyperinsulinemia in the mother on glucose homeostasis in the offspring has not been fully explored. We aimed to determine the consequences of maternal insulin resistance on offspring metabolism and endocrine pancreas development using the LIRKO mouse model, which exhibits sustained hyperinsulinemia and transient increase in blood glucose concentrations during pregnancy. We examined control offspring born to either LIRKO or control mothers on embryonic days 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5 and postpartum days 0, 4, and 10. Control offspring born to LIRKO mothers displayed low birth weights and subsequently rapidly gained weight, and their blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were higher than offspring born to control mothers in early postnatal life. In addition, concentrations of plasma leptin, glucagon, and active GLP-1 were higher in control pups from LIRKO mothers. Analyses of the endocrine pancreas revealed significantly reduced β-cell area in control offspring of LIRKO mothers shortly after birth. β-Cell proliferation and total islet number were also lower in control offspring of LIRKO mothers during early postnatal days. Together, these data indicate that maternal hyperinsulinemia and the transient hyperglycemia impair endocrine pancreas development in the control offspring and induce multiple metabolic alterations in early postnatal life. The relatively smaller β-cell mass/area and β-cell proliferation in these control offspring suggest cell-autonomous epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of islet growth and development.