Abstract
To examine the evidence of global warming, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in the statistical analysis of time-dependent meteorological data. In this paper, for 116 observational stations in the world, sequential variations of the monthly distributions of meteorological data are analyzed vectorially. For specific monthly data, temperatures and precipitations are chosen, both of which are averaged over three decades. Climate change can be revealed through the intersecting angle between two 33-dimensional vectors being composed with monthly mean values. Subsequently, the angle data for the entire stations are analyzed statistically and compared between the former (1931–1980) and the latter (1951–2010) periods. Irrespective of the period and the hemisphere, the variation of the angles is found to show the exponential growth as a function of their latitudes. Furthermore, consistent with other studies, this trend is shown to become stronger in the latter period, indicating that the so-called snow/ice-albedo feedback occurs. In contrast to the temperatures, for the precipitations, no significant correlation is found between the angle and the latitude. To examine the albedo effect in more detail, a regional analysis for 75 stations in Japan is carried out as well. Numerical results show that the effect is significant even for the relatively narrow latitudinal range (19%) of the hemisphere. Finally, a synchronization of the monthly patterns of temperatures is given between the northern district of Japan and both North America and Eastern Europe.
Highlights
An agreement has been reached on the signs of global warming that have been found since the latter half of the former century [1,2]
For monthly average temperature data, the dependence of the rotation angle on the latitude is plotted in Figure 2 for the Northern Hemisphere and in Figure 3 for the Southern Hemisphere
(2) In Figure 4b, which plots the rotation between Period II (1951–1980) and Period III (1981–2010), boldfaces in Table 6) are #22→#9: Hakodate (41′49′ N), #57→#11: Okayama (34°40′ N), #21→#13: the Morioka best regression has again been exponential but with r = 0.723 and d = 1.616 > dU = 1.50 (39°42′ N), #23 → #14: Akita (39°43′ N), #51 → #16: Aikawa (38°02′ N), #74 → #17:
Summary
An agreement has been reached on the signs of global warming that have been found since the latter half of the former century [1,2]. Both the atmosphere and ocean have been getting warmer, the amounts of ice and snow have been decreasing, and the sea level has continued to rise. In December of the same year, to present a long-term target for suppressing global warming, the Paris Agreement was adopted, and became effective in November of the subsequent year, when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had a large bearing upon its realization.
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