Abstract
Background Periodontal disease is a public health problem and is strongly associated with systemic diseases; however, its worldwide distribution is not fully understood. Objective To evaluate global data of periodontal disease: (1) among adolescents, adults, and older population and (2) in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Methods This ecological study included data of periodontal disease from the World Health Organization's data bank which are based on the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN code: 0 = no disease; 1 = bleeding on probing; 2 = calculus; 3 = periodontal pocket (PD) 4-5 mm; 4 = PD (6+ mm). Age- and income-related periodontal disease inequalities were evaluated across the globe. Results Compared with 9.3% of adults and 9.7% of older persons, 21.2% of adolescents had no periodontal disease (P = 0.005). Nearly 18.8% of adolescents compared with 8.9% of adults and 5% of older persons had bleeding on probing (P ≤ 0.001). Similarly, 50.3% of adolescents, 44.6% of adults, and 31.9% older persons demonstrated the occurrence of calculus (P = 0.01). On the other hand, older persons had the highest prevalence of PD 4-5 mm and PD 6+ mm than adults and adolescents (P ≤ 0.001). The distribution of periodontitis (CPITN code 3 + 4) in adults differed significantly in low- (28.7%), lower-middle- (10%), upper-middle- (42.5%), and high-income countries (43.7%) (P = 0.04). However, no significant differences in periodontitis (CPITN code 3 + 4) were observed in adolescents and older persons in low- to high-income countries. Conclusions Within the limitations of data, this study found that the distribution of periodontal disease increases with age. Periodontitis was the most common in older persons and in population from high-income countries.
Highlights
Periodontal disease which comprises gingivitis and periodontitis is a common oral infection that affects the tissues that surround and support teeth [1]. e condition often presents as gingivitis which is characterized by bleeding, swollen gums, and pain, and if left untreated, it progresses to periodontitis which involves the loss of periodontal attachment and supporting bone [2]
Periodontal diseases accounted for 3.5 million years lived with disability (YLD) in 2016 [3]
In 2010, worldwide loss of productivity due to severe periodontitis was estimated to be US$54 billion per year [8]. e global prevalence of periodontal disease is expected to increase in coming years due to growth in the aging population and increased retention of natural teeth due to a significant reduction in tooth loss in the older population [9]
Summary
Periodontal disease which comprises gingivitis and periodontitis is a common oral infection that affects the tissues that surround and support teeth [1]. e condition often presents as gingivitis which is characterized by bleeding, swollen gums, and pain, and if left untreated, it progresses to periodontitis which involves the loss of periodontal attachment and supporting bone [2]. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study (2016), severe periodontal disease was the 11th most prevalent condition in the world [3]. E global prevalence of periodontal disease is expected to increase in coming years due to growth in the aging population and increased retention of natural teeth due to a significant reduction in tooth loss in the older population [9]. To evaluate global data of periodontal disease: (1) among adolescents, adults, and older population and (2) in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. No significant differences in periodontitis (CPITN code 3 + 4) were observed in adolescents and older persons in low- to high-income countries. Periodontitis was the most common in older persons and in population from high-income countries
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