Global maps of 3D built-up patterns for urban morphological analysis

Abstract

• We built robust models to map 3D built-up patterns at a 1-km 2 resolution, globally. • Global buildings are on average 6.16 m high and have a total volume of 1645 km 3. • Large variations exist in the 3D built-up patterns across space. • Our results offer new opportunities for urban sustainability assessments. Horizontal and vertical patterns of built-up land are essential to analyse a range of environmental change impacts, such as exposure to natural hazards, urban heat islands, and trapping air pollution, as well as for decision making in this context. However, while data on horizontal patterns are abundant, they are relatively rare for vertical patterns. Here, we present global maps of 3D built-up patterns at a 1-km 2 resolution for the nominal year 2015. These data are estimated using random forest models, fed with a wide range of spatial data and trained on reference data from all continents except Antarctica. Independent testing indicates that R 2 values of the global models for built-up footprint, height, and volume equal 0.89, 0.73, and 0.84, respectively. Our results show that buildings worldwide are 6.16-m high on average, and total building volume is 1645 km 3 , which is the equivalent of a solid cube of 12 km on each side. Yet, we find large variations in 3D built-up patterns, both within and across world regions. In particular, floor space per person exceeds 200 m 2 in both Oceania and North America, while it is only 29 m 2 in South Asia and 38 m 2 in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our results provide novel insights into the global distribution of 3D built-up patterns and offer new opportunities for the assessments of urban environmental impacts. The global data for building footprint, height and volume can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.34894/4QAGYL .