Abstract
Many new human pathogens that have emerged or reemerged worldwide originated from animals or from products of animal origin. Many animal species as well as categories of agents have been involved in the emergence of diseases. Wild (e.g., bats, rodents) as well as draught animals (e.g., horses) and food animals (e.g., poultry, cattle) were implicated in the epidemiologic cycles of these diseases. Many of the agents responsible for new infections and diseases in humans were viruses (e.g., hantaviruses, lyssaviruses, and morbilliviruses), but bacteria, especially enteritic bacteria (e.g., Salmonellae and Escherichia coli) and parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium) of animal origin, were also involved in major food and waterborne outbreaks. The public health relevance of some of these agents (e.g., new lyssaviruses and morbilliviruses) is not yet fully assessed. In addition the zoonotic nature of some other human diseases, such as Ebola and the new variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is suspected but not yet demonstrated. Finally, the possible future use of xenografts may lead, if precautions are not taken, to the emergence of new diseases called xenozoonoses.
Highlights
Many new human pathogens that have emerged or reemerged worldwide originated from animals or from products of animal origin
S. typhimurium in the United Kingdom Multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium DT 104 initially emerged in cattle in 1988 in England and Wales
In S. typhimurium DT 104 of R-type ACSSuT, multiple-drug resistance has become an integral part of the genetic material of the organism
Summary
In both the developing and industrialized worlds, a number of zoonoses have emerged either as new pathologic entities or as already known agents, appearing in areas or species in which they had not been previously reported. In addition known zoonotic agents have reemerged sometimes after many years of absence in areas where they had been reported before. In this connection, limited and sometimes important outbreaks of otherwise endemic zoonoses such as rabies, brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, a number of zoonotic foodborne diseases (caused by Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli) and arbovirus infections involving production animals (Venezuelan equine encephalitis, CongoCrimean hemorrhagic fever ) have continued to appear in many industrialized and developing countries. Some examples of both emerging and reemerging zoonotic infections are given below
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