Abstract
Cell-compatible and antibacterial surfaces are needed for implants, which frequently have complex and rough surfaces. Bio-inspired columnar nanostructures can be grown on flat substrates; however, the application of these nanostructures on clinically relevant, complex, and rough surfaces was pending. Therefore, a titanium plasma spray (TPS) implant surface was coated with titanium nano-spikes via glancing angle magnetron sputter deposition (GLAD) at room temperature. Using GLAD, it was possible to cover the three-dimensional, highly structured macroscopic surface (including cavities, niches, clefts, and curved areas) of the TPS homogeneously with nano-spikes (TPS+), creating a cell-compatible and antibacterial surface. The adherence and spreading of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were similar for TPS and TPS+ surfaces. However, MSC adherent to TPS+ expressed less and shorter pseudopodia. The induced osteogenic response of MSC was significantly increased in cells cultivated on TPS+ compared with TPS. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) adherent to the nano-spikes were partly destructed by a physico-mechanical mechanism; however, Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) were not significantly damaged.
Highlights
Titanium plasma spray (TPS) surfaces on dental or orthopedic implants are well established in medical technology and titanium plasma spray (TPS)-coated implants are clinically applied over many years
Experiments had to be conducted to verify if nanostructures can be synthesized on rough samples by glancing angle magnetron sputter deposition (GLAD) (TPS+)
Eight samples were simultaneously coated with nano-spikes which were identical on all samples, showing that the GLAD process is suitable for coating large areas—as is needed for implants—with nanostructures
Summary
Titanium plasma spray (TPS) surfaces on dental or orthopedic implants are well established in medical technology and TPS-coated implants are clinically applied over many years. In order to enhance the anchorage of a relatively smooth machined implant surface to bone, the implant surface can be modified by the deposition of a TPS-layer. 40 μm) [6,7], as it is formed by overlapping droplets of solidified Ti [8], and is characterized by the occurrence of cavities, niches, clefts, and curved areas, resulting in a porous-like appearance. This special topography allows for an ingrowth of bone into the implant surface, as well as a direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-carrying implant
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