Glacial erosion of East Antarctica in the Pliocene: A comparative study of multiple marine sediment provenance tracers

Abstract

The history of the East Antarctic ice sheet provides important understanding of its potential future behaviour in a warming world. The provenance of glaciomarine sediments can provide insights into this history, if the underlying continent eroded by the ice sheet is made of distinct geological terranes that can be distinguished by the mineralogy, petrology and/or geochemistry of the eroded sediment. We here present a multi-proxy provenance investigation on Pliocene sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1361, located offshore of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica. We compare Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of <63μm detrital fractions, clay mineralogy of <2μm fractions, 40Ar/39Ar ages of >150μm ice-rafted hornblende grains, and petrography of >2mm ice-rafted clasts and >150μm mineral grains. Pliocene fine-grained marine sediments have Nd and Sr isotopic compositions, clay mineralogy, and clast characteristics that can be explained by mixing of sediments eroded from predominantly proximal crystalline terranes with material derived from inland sources from within the currently glaciated Wilkes Subglacial Basin. Conversely, evidence for such an inland source is absent from ice-rafted hornblende ages. We render a lithological bias against hornblende grains in the doleritic and sedimentary units within the basin the most likely explanation for this observation. 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages however record additional provenance from the distal margins of the Ross Sea, and possibly even the West Antarctic area of Marie Byrd Land. The latter lies >2000km to the east and hints at significant iceberg release from the West Antarctic ice sheet during warm intervals of the Pliocene. Together our results make a strong case for combining geochemical and mineralogical signatures of coarse- and fine-grained glaciomarine sediment fractions in order to derive robust provenance interpretations in ice covered areas.