Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterium of the human body and a leading cause of nosocomial infections. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections involving biofilm lead to higher mortality and morbidity in patients. Biofilm causes serious clinical issues, as it mitigates entry of antimicrobials to reach the etiological agents. It plays an important role in resilient chronic infections which place an unnecessary burden on antibiotics and the associated costs. To combat drug-resistant infection involving biofilm, there is a need to discover potential anti-biofilm agents. In this study, activity of polyphenolic flavonoid glabridin against biofilm formation of methicillin resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus is being reported for the first time. Crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy evidences shows that glabridin prevents formation of cells clusters and attachment of methicillin resistant clinical isolate (MRSA 4423) of S. aureus to the surface in a dose dependent manner. Gel free proteomic analysis of biofilm matrix by LC-ESI-QTOF confirmed the existence of several proteins known to be involved in cells adhesion. Furthermore, expression analysis of cell surface proteins revealed that glabridin significantly down regulates an abundance of several surface-associated adhesins including fibronectin binding proteins (FnbA, FnbB), serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein D (SdrD), immunoglobulin-binding protein G (Sbi), and other virulence factors which were induced by extracellular glucose in MRSA 4423. In addition, several moonlighting proteins (proteins with multiple functions) such as translation elongation factors (EF-Tu, EF-G), chaperone protein (DnaK), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were detected on the cell surface wherein their abundance was inversely proportional to surface-associated adhesins. This study clearly suggests that glabridin prevents biofilm formation in S. aureus through modulation of the cell surface proteins.
Highlights
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium of the human body which can cause numerous diseases (Tong et al, 2015)
This study reports for the first time an antibiofilm activity of glabridin against a glucose-induced biofilm of S. aureus
It has been experimentally demonstrated that glabridin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, as a possible agent preventing biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant clinical isolate of S. aureus
Summary
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium of the human body which can cause numerous diseases (Tong et al, 2015). The formation of biofilms in S. aureus is an alternative type of microbial growth and a leading cause of resistance to antimicrobials (López et al, 2010; Mah, 2012). S. aureus cells within biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells due to the altered environment, multilayered structure, and incomplete penetration of the antibiotics (Mah, 2012; Sharma et al, 2019). Biofilm formation by MRSA in medical devices, implants, chronic wounds, and host tissue reduces susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (Sharma et al, 2019; Neopane et al, 2018)
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