Abstract
Memory-dependent psychological behaviors have an important role in life. Memory strengthening in adulthood to prevent its defects in aging is a significant issue. The ghrelin endogenous hormone improves memory by targeting glutamatergic and serotonergic circuits. Also, citicoline, a memory strengthening drug in aging, is not recommended to adults due to its side effects. The current study aims to test that ghrelin treatment, like citicoline, would improve passive avoidance memory via expression of the genes encoding the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR1) and the serotonin receptor 1A (HTR1α) involved in this process. Five groups of adult male rats received (1) saline (as control), (2) 0.5 mg/kg citicoline, or (3-5) 0.3, 1.5, and 3 nmol/μl ghrelin). The rats received the drugs via intra-hippocampal injection. Passive avoidance memory was determined using a shuttle box device. The latency to enter the dark chamber before (IL) and after (RL) injection and the total duration of the animal's presence in the light compartment (TLC) were evaluated. Then, the gene expression rates of NMDAR1 and HTR1α were measured by the Real-Time PCR. Ghrelin and citicoline had some similar and significant effects on passive avoidance memory, and both increased NMDAR1 and decreased HTR1α expression. Ghrelin, like citicoline, improves passive avoidance learning by altering the NMDAR1 and HTR1α expression in the hippocampus.
Highlights
Memory-dependent psychological behaviors have an important role in human life
Effect of ghrelin on NMDAR1 gene expression NMDAR1 expression was significantly greater in the right hippocampus than in controls following treatment with CTC or 3 nmol ghrelin, and in the left hippocampus following treatment with CTC only
NMDAR1 expression was significantly greater in the right than in the left hippocampus groups treated with CTC or 3 nmol ghrelin (Fig. 2)
Summary
Memory-dependent psychological behaviors have an important role in human life. Currently, the increasing prevalence of memory disorders has become a worry [1, 2]. Researchers are constantly looking for more effective drugs to improve memory than those currently in use. Research has shown that ghrelin plays a role in improving memory This hormone is produced by the stomach and some other tissues, and once activated, affects target tissues (acyl-ghrelin). Citicoline, a memory strengthening drug in aging, is not recommended to adults due to its side effects. The current study aims to test that ghrelin treatment, like citicoline, would improve passive avoidance memory via expression of the genes encoding the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR1) and the serotonin receptor 1A (HTR1a) involved in this process. Results: Ghrelin and citicoline had some similar and significant effects on passive avoidance memory, and both increased NMDAR1 and decreased HTR1a expression. Conclusions: Ghrelin, like citicoline, improves passive avoidance learning by altering the NMDAR1 and HTR1a expression in the hippocampus
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